Yes We Can! A Phenomenological Study of a Sports Camp for Young People With Cerebral Palsy

Click name to view affiliation

Kenneth Aggerholm Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Search for other papers by Kenneth Aggerholm in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
and
Kristian Møller Moltke Martiny University of Copenhagen

Search for other papers by Kristian Møller Moltke Martiny in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

This article contributes to the understanding of embodied practices and experiences within adapted physical activity. It presents a study of a 4-day winter sports camp for young people with cerebral palsy. The experiences of the participants were investigated through qualitative interviews. The findings are analyzed through a phenomenological framework of embodiment and the notions of body schema and body image. By paying special attention to the bodily experience of “I can,” this study shows that participants learned new ways of approaching challenges, gained bodily control in challenging situations, expanded their fields of possible actions through practicing, as well as learned to understand and accept themselves. These findings reveal central values of bodily interventions for people with cerebral palsy and have the potential to inform pedagogical work within the area of adapted physical activity.

Aggerholm is with the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Moltke Martiny is with the Dept. of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Address author correspondence to Kenneth Aggerholm at kenneth.aggerholm@nih.no.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Aggerholm, K. (2015). Talent development, existential philosophy and sport: On becoming an elite athlete. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

  • Aggerholm, K. (2016). On practising in sport: Towards an ascetological understanding of sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 43(3), 350364. doi:10.1080/00948705.2016.1159917

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bax, M., Goldstein, M., Rosenbaum, P., Leviton, A., Paneth, N., Dan, B., … Damiano, D. (2005). Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47(8), 571576. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01195.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bitbol, M., & Petitmengin, C. (2013). A defense of introspection from within. Constructivist Foundations, 8(3), 269279.

  • Bredahl, A.M. (2013). Sitting and watching the others being active: The experienced difficulties in PE when having a disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 30(1), 4058. PubMed doi:10.1123/apaq.30.1.40

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carel, H. (2013). Illness, phenomenology, and philosophical method. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 34(4), 345357. PubMed doi:10.1007/s11017-013-9265-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2005). Research methods in education. London, UK and New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Depraz, N., Varela, F.J., & Vermersch, P. (2003). On becoming aware: A pragmatics of experiencing. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Duesund, L. (2008). Embodied learning in movement. In T., Schilhab, M., Juelskjær, & T., Moser (Eds.), Learning bodies (pp. 233248). København, Denmark: Danish School of Education Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Duesund, L., & Skårderud, F. (2003). Use the body and forget the body: Treating anorexia nervosa with adapted physical activity. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8(1), 5372. doi:10.1177/1359104503008001007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gallagher, S. (2005). How the body shapes the mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

  • Gallagher, S. (2008). Philosophical antecedents of situated cognition. In P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 3552). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gallagher, S., & Zahavi, D. (2008). The phenomenological mind: An introduction to philosophy of mind and cognitive science. New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodwin, D.L., Lieberman, L.J., Johnston, K., & Leo, J. (2011). Connecting through summer camp: Youth with visual impairments find a sense of community. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 28, 4055. PubMed doi:10.1123/apaq.28.1.40

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodwin, D.L., & Staples, K. (2005). The meaning of summer camp experiences to youths with disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22, 160178. doi:10.1123/apaq.22.2.160

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hammar, G., Ozolins, A., Idvall, E., & Rudebeck, C. (2009). Body image in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Health Care, 13(1), 1929. PubMed doi:10.1177/1367493508098378

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Høffding, S., & Martiny, K. (2015). Framing a phenomenological interview: What, why and how. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 539564. doi:10.1007/s11097-015-9433-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hutzler, Y., & Sherrill, C. (2007). Defining adapted physical activity: International perspectives. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 24(1), 120. PubMed doi:10.1123/apaq.24.1.1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jespersen, E., & McNamee, M. (2008). Philosophy, adapted physical activity and dis/ability. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2(2), 8796. doi:10.1080/17511320802267672

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jordbru, A.A., Jespersen, E., & Martinsen, E. (2008). Conversion gait disorder—Meeting patients in behaviour, reuniting body and mind. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2(2), 185199. doi:10.1080/17511320802223493

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kristiansen K., Vehmas S., & Shakespeare T. (Eds.). (2009). Arguing about disability: Philosophical perspectives. London, UK and New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martiny, K.M. (2015). How to develop a phenomenological model of disability. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 18, 553565. doi:10.1007/s11019-015-9625-x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martiny, K.M., & Aggerholm, K. (2016). Embodying cognition: Working with self-control in cerebral palsy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 9(e33), 122. doi:10.1017/S1754470X16000192

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception (C. Smith, Trans.). London, UK and New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1963). The structure of behavior (A.L. Fisher, Trans.). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

  • Oliver, M. (1996). Understanding disability: From theory to practice. London, UK: Macmillan.

  • Paherie, E. (2007). The sense of control and the sense of agency. Psyche, 13(1), 130.

  • Palisano, R., Rosenbaum, P., Walter, S., Russell, D., Wood, E., & Galuppi, B. (1997). Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 39(4), 214223. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pandyan, A.D., Gregoric, M., Barnes, M.P., Wood, D., Van Wijck, F., Burridge, J., … Johnson, G.R. (2005). Spasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27(1–2), 26. PubMed doi:10.1080/09638280400014576

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peckitt, M.G., Inhara, M., & Cole, J. (2013). Between two worlds: A phenomenological critique of the medical and social models of disability. UTCP Uehiro Booklet. 2, 139153.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Petitmengin, C. (2006). Describing one’s subjective experience in the second person: An interview method for the science of consciousness. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5(3–4), 229269. doi:10.1007/s11097-006-9022-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Petitmengin, C., & Bitbol, M. (2009). The validity of first-person descriptions as authenticity and coherence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 16(10–12), 363404.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ralston, D.C., & Ho, J. (Eds.). (2010). Philosophical reflections on disability. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

  • Reid, G. (2003). Defining adapted physical activity. In R.D. Steadward, G.D. Wheeler, & E.J. Watkinson (Eds.), Adapted physical activity (pp. 1126). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., Bax, M., Damiano, D., … Jacobsson, B. (2007). A report: The definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 109, 814. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Silva, C.F., & Howe, P.D. (2012). Difference, adapted physical activity and human development: Potential contribution of capabilities approach. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 29(1), 2543. PubMed doi:10.1123/apaq.29.1.25

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Standal, Ø.F. (2011). Re-embodiment: Incorporation through embodied learning of wheelchair skills. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 14(2), 177184. PubMed doi:10.1007/s11019-010-9286-8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Standal, Ø.F. (2014). Phenomenology and adapted physical activity: Philosophy and professional practice. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 31(1), 3548. doi:10.1123/apaq:2012-0064

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Standal, Ø.F., & Jespersen, E. (2008). Peers as resources for learning: A situated learning approach to adapted physical activity in rehabilitation. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(3), 208227. PubMed doi:10.1123/apaq.25.3.208

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Svenaeus, F. (2009). The phenomenology of falling ill: An explication, critique and improvement of Sartre’s theory of embodiment and alienation. Human Studies, 32, 5366. doi:10.1007/s10746-009-9109-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Varela, F.J., & Shear, J. (1999). First-person methodologies: What, why, how? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 114.

  • Vermersch, P. (2009). Describing the practice of introspection. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 16(10–12), 2057.

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3015 670 42
Full Text Views 174 80 14
PDF Downloads 144 43 5