Load Monitoring Variables in Training and Competition Situations: A Systematic Review Applied to Wheelchair Sports

in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

Click name to view affiliation

Mário A.M. Simim Universidade Federal do Ceará

Search for other papers by Mário A.M. Simim in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Marco Túlio de Mello Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Search for other papers by Marco Túlio de Mello in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Bruno V.C. Silva Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte (Uni-BH)

Search for other papers by Bruno V.C. Silva in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Dayane F. Rodrigues Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Search for other papers by Dayane F. Rodrigues in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
João Paulo P. Rosa Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Search for other papers by João Paulo P. Rosa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Bruno Pena Couto Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Search for other papers by Bruno Pena Couto in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
, and
Andressa da Silva Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Search for other papers by Andressa da Silva in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0149
Keywords:
athletic performance; disabled sports; paralympic; people with disabilities; sport performance
In Print:
Volume 34: Issue 4
Page Range:
466–483
Restricted access

The aim of this review was to identify the main variables for load monitoring in training and competition situations in wheelchair sports. Studies were identified from a systematic search of three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SportDiscuss), with search phrases constructed from MeSH terms, alone or in combination, limited to English-language literature, and published up to January 2016. Our main findings were that variables related to external load (distance, speed, and duration) are used to monitor load in competition. In training situations, researchers have used variables related to internal load (heart rate and VO2); in both training and competition situations, researchers used internal load measurements (training impulse and ratings of perceived exertion). We conclude that the main variables for load monitoring in competitive situations were distance, speed, and duration, whereas the variables for training situations were heart rate, VO2, training impulse, and ratings of perceived exertion.

Simim is with the Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes (IEFES), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. Simim, de Mello, and da Silva are with the Academia Paralímpica Brasileira (APB), Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brasília, Brazil. de Mello, Silva, Rodrigues, Rosa, Couto, and da Silva are with Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Silva is also with the Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte (Uni-BH), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Address author correspondence to Andressa Silva at silvadressa@gmail.com.
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

Cover Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

  • Abel, T., Burkett, B., Schneider, S., Lindschulten, R., & Struder, H.K. (2010). The exercise profile of an ultra-long handcycling race: The Styrkeprøven experience. Spinal Cord, 48, 894–898. PubMed doi:10.1038/sc.2010.40

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Altman, D.G. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research. London, UK: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.

  • Barfield, J.P., Malone, L.A., Arbo, C., & Jung, A.P. (2010). Exercise intensity during wheelchair rugby training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(4), 389–398. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640410903508839

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bhambhani, Y. (2002). Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury. Sports Medicine, 32(1), 23–51. PubMed doi:10.2165/00007256-200232010-00002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Borresen, J., & Lambert, M.I. (2009). The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports Medicine, 39(9), 779–795. PubMed doi:10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Burton, M., Fuss, F.K., & Subic, A. (2010). Sports wheelchair technologies. Sports Technology, 3(3), 154–167. doi:10.1080/19346182.2011.564286

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cardinale, M., & Varley, M.C. (2017). Wearable training monitoring technology: Applications, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl. 2), S2-55–S2-62. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0423

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, M.J., Fan, X., & Moe, S.T. (2002). Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(11), 873–899. PubMed doi:10.1080/026404102320761787

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chow, J.W., & Chae, W.S. (2007). Kinematic analysis of the 100-m wheelchair race. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 2564–2568. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cooper, R.A., & De Luigi, A.J. (2014). Adaptive sports technology and biomechanics: Wheelchairs. PM&R, 6, 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.05.020

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Drew, M.K., & Finch, C.F. (2016). The relationship between training load and injury, illness and soreness: A systematic and literature review. Sports Medicine, 46(6):861–883. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0459-8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Filipcic, A., & Filipcic, T. (2009). Analysis of movement velocity and distance covered in wheelchair tennis. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 15(2), 25–32.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Foster, C., Florhaug, J., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovation, L., Parker, S., … Dodge, C. (2001). A new approach to monitoring exercise training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109–115. PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fuss, F.K. (2012). Speed measurements in wheelchair sports: Theory and application. Sports Technology, 5(1–2), 29–42. doi:10.1080/19346182.2012.754895

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gabbett, T.J., Whyte, D.G., Hartwig, T.B., Wescombe, H., & Naughton, G.A. (2014). The relationship between workloads, physical performance, injury and illness in adolescent male football players. Sports Medicine, 44(7), 989–1003. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0179-5

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2010). Supporting the paralympic athlete: Focus on wheeled sports. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(26), 2237–2243. PubMed doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.491577

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V., & Leicht, C.A. (2013). Field-based physiological testing of wheelchair athletes. Sports Medicine, 43, 77–91. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0009-6

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Lenton, J., Goddard, J., Olfield, V., Tolfrey, K., & Eston, R. (2010). Regulating intensity using perceived exertion in spinal cord-injured participants. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(3), 608–613. PubMed doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b72cbc

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Mason, B., & Burkett, B. (2012). The role of the velocometer as an innovative tool for Paralympic coaches to understand wheelchair sporting training and interventions to help optimise performance. Sports Technology, 5(1–2), 20–28. doi:10.1080/19346182.2012.686503

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V., & Price, M. (2010). Physiology of wheelchair sport. In V. Goosey-Tolfrey (Ed.), Wheelchair sport: A complete guide for athletes, coaches, and teachers (pp. 47–62). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Halson, S.L. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl. 2), S139–S147. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hopkins, W.G. (1991). Quantification of training in competitive sports: Methods and applications. Sports Medicine, 12(3), 161–183. PubMed doi:10.2165/00007256-199112030-00003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Iturricastillo, A., Granados, C., Los Arcos, A., & Yanci, J. (2017). Objective and subjective methods for quantifying training load in wheelchair basketball small-sided games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(8), 749–755. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1186815

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Iturricastillo, A., Yanci, J., Granados, C., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2016). Quantifying wheelchair basketball match load: A comparison of heart rate and perceived exertion methods. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(4), 508–514. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0257

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Iturricastillo, A., Yanci, J., Los Arcos, A., & Granados, C. (2016). Physiological responses between players with and without spinal cord injury in wheelchair basketball small-sided games. Spinal Cord, 54(12), 1152–1157. doi:10.1038/sc.2016.43

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Laferrier, J.Z., Rice, I., Pearlman, J., Sporner, M.L., Cooper, R., Liu, T., & Cooper, R.A. (2012). Technology to improve sports performance in wheelchair sports. Sports Technology, 5(1–2), 4–19. doi:10.1080/19346182.2012.663531

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lambert, M.I., & Borresen, J. (2010). Measuring training load in sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 406–411. PubMed doi:10.1123/ijspp.5.3.406

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leicht, C.A., Bishop, N.C., Paulson, T.A.W., Griggs, K.E., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2012). Salivary immunoglobulin A and upper respiratory symptoms during 5 months of training in elite tetraplegic athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(3), 210–217. PubMed doi:10.1123/ijspp.7.3.210

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lemay, V., Routhier, F., Noreau, L., Phang, S.H., & Ginis, K.A. (2012). Relationships between wheelchair skills, wheelchair mobility and level of injury in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 50(1), 37–41. PubMed doi:10.1038/sc.2011.98

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loturco, I., & Nakamura, F.Y. (2016). Training periodisation: An obsolete methodology? Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal, 5, 110–115.

  • Malone, L.A., Morgulec-Adamowicz, N., & Orr, K. (2011). Contribution of sport science to performance-wheelchair rugby. In Y. Vanlandewijck & W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook of sports medicine and science, the paralympic athlete (pp. 249–263). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mason, B., Lenton, J., Rhodes, J., Cooper, R., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2014). Comparing the activity profiles of wheelchair rugby using a miniaturised data logger and radio-frequency tracking system. BioMed Research International, 2014, 348048. PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(6), e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mujika, I. (2017). Quantification of training and competition loads in endurance sports: Methods and applications. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12, S2-9–S2-17. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Paulson, T.A., Bishop, N.C., Eston, R.G., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2013). Differentiated perceived exertion and self-regulated wheelchair exercise. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(11), 2269–2276. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.018

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Paulson, T.A., Bishop, N.C., Leicht, C.A., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2013). Perceived exertion as a tool to self-regulate exercise in individuals with tetraplegia. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(1), 201–209. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2426-5

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Paulson, T.A., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2017). Current perspectives on profiling and enhancing wheelchair court-sport performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(3), 275–286. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0231

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Paulson, T.A.W., Mason, B., Rhodes, J., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2015). Individualized internal and external training load relationships in elite wheelchair rugby players. Frontiers in Physiology, 6, 388.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Perret, C. (2017). Elite-adapted wheelchair sports performance: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(2), 164–172. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1095951

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rhodes, J., Mason, B., Perrat, B., Smith, M., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2014). The validity and reliability of a novel indoor player tracking system for use within wheelchair court sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(17), 1639–1647. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.910608

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rhodes, J.M., Mason, B.S., Malone, L.A., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2015). Effect of team rank and player classification on activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(19), 2070–2078. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1028087

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rhodes, J.M., Mason, B.S., Perrat, B., Smith, M.J., Malone, L.A., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2015). Activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players during competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(3), 318–324. PubMed doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0203

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sánchez-Pay, A., Torres-Luque, G., & Sanz-Rivas, D. (2016). Match activity and physiological load in wheelchair tennis players: A pilot study. Spinal Cord, 54((3), 229–233. doi:10.1038/sc.2015.107

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sarro, K.J., Silvatti, A.P., Aliverti, A., & Barros, R.M.L. (2010). Tracking of wheelchair rugby players in the 2008 Demolition Derby final. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(2), 193–200. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640410903428541

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Saw, A.E., Main, L.C., & Gastin, P.B. (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: Subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(5), 281–291. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sindall, P., Lenton, J., Cooper, R., Tolfrey, K., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2015). Data logger device applicability for wheelchair tennis court movement. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(5), 527–533. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.949829

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sindall, P., Lenton, J., Whytock, K., Tolfrey, K., Oyster, M.L., Cooper, R.A., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2013). Criterion validity and accuracy of global positioning satellite and data logging devices for wheelchair tennis court movement. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 36(4), 383–393. PubMed doi:10.1179/2045772312Y.0000000068

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sporner, M.L., Grindle, G.G., Kelleher, A., Teodorski, E.E., Cooper, R., & Cooper, R.A. (2009). Quantification of activity during wheelchair basketball and rugby at the National Veterans wheelchair games: A pilot study. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 33(3), 210–217. PubMed doi:10.1080/03093640903051816

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sweet, T.W., Foster, C., McGuigan, M.R., & Brice, G. (2004). Quantitation of resistance training using the session rating of perceived exertion method. Journal of Strength and Condition Research, 18(4), 796–802.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tweedy, S., & Diaper, N. (2010). Introduction to wheelchair sport. In V. Goosey-Tolfrey (Ed.), Wheelchair sport: A complete guide for athletes, coaches and teachers (pp. 3–28). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vanlandewijck, Y.C., Theisen, D., & Daly, D. (2001). Wheelchair propulsion biomechanics: Implications for wheelchair sports. Sports Medicine, 31(5), 339–367. PubMed doi:10.2165/00007256-200131050-00005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wallace, L.K., Slattery, K.M., & Coutts, A.J. (2009). The ecological validity and application of the session-RPE method for quantifying training loads in swimming. Journal of Strength and Condition Research, 23(1), 33–38. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181874512

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webborn, N., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2008). Spinal cord injury. In J. Buckley (Ed.), Exercise physiology in special populations: Advances in sport and exercise science (pp. 309–334). London, UK: Churchill Livingstone.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3589 660 37
Full Text Views 158 103 5
PDF Downloads 61 17 4