What Do We Know About Research on Parasport Coaches? A Scoping Review

in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

Click name to view affiliation

Marte BentzenNorwegian School of Sport Sciences

Search for other papers by Marte Bentzen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Danielle AlexanderMcGill University

Search for other papers by Danielle Alexander in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Gordon A. BloomMcGill University

Search for other papers by Gordon A. Bloom in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
, and
Göran KenttäThe Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences
University of Ottawa

Search for other papers by Göran Kenttä in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

The purpose of this scoping review was to provide a broad overview of the literature pertaining to parasport coaches, including information regarding the size and scope of research, the populations and perspectives obtained, and the type of methods used to conduct the research. Data were collected and analyzed using a six-stage framework for conducting scoping reviews. The results revealed that the majority of articles were based on interviews, and an overwhelming majority of the participants were men coaching at the high-performance level in North America. Three of the most frequent topics were becoming a parasport coach, being a parasport coach, and having general parasport coaching knowledge. Articles ranged in date from 1991 to 2018, with 70% of empirical articles published from 2014 onward, indicating an emerging interest in this field of research. This review has the potential to advance the science and practice of parasport coaching at all levels.

Bentzen is with the Dept. of Teacher Education and Outdoor Studies, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Alexander and Bloom are with the Dept. of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Kenttä is with the Dept. of Performance and Training, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, and the School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Bentzen (marte.bentzen@nih.no) is corresponding author.

Supplementary Materials

    • Supplementary Material (PDF 193 KB)
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Alexander, D., Bloom, G.A., & Taylor, S.T. (2020). Female Paralympic athlete views of effective and ineffective coaching practices. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32(1), 4863. doi:10.1080/10413200.2018.1543735

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Allan, V., Evans, M.B., Latimer-Cheung, A.E., & Côté, J. (in press). From the athletes’ perspective: A social-relational understanding of how coaches shape the disability sport experience. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/10413200.2019.1587551

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Allan, V., Smith, B., Côté, J., Martin Ginis, K.A., & Latimer-Cheung, A.E. (2018). Narratives of participation among individuals with physical disabilities: A life-course analysis of athletes’ experiences and development in parasport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 170178. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.004

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Altman, B.M. (2014). Definitions, concepts, and measures of disability. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(1), 27. PubMed ID: 24268996 doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.05.018

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Altman, D.G. (1990). Practical statistics for medical research. London, Chapman and Hall: CRC press.

  • Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 1932. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Armstrong, R., Hall, B.J., Doyle, J., & Waters, E. (2011). ‘Scoping the scope’ of a Cochrane review. Journal of Public Health, 33(1), 147150. PubMed ID: 21345890 doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdr015

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Banack, H.R., Sabiston, C.M., & Bloom, G.A. (2011). Coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation of Paralympic athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4), 722730. PubMed ID: 22276414 doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599809

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Bastos, T., Corredeira, R., Probst, M., & Fonseca, A.M. (2014). Elite disability sport coaches’ views on sport psychology. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(1), 3344. doi:10.5539/ijps.v6n1p33

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Bastos, T., Corredeira, R., Probst, M., & Fonseca, A.M. (2018). Do elite coaches from disability sport use psychological techniques to improve their athletes’ sports performance? International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(4), 1124. doi:10.5539/ijps.v10n4p11

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Becker, A.J. (2009). It’s not what they do, it’s how they do it: Athlete experiences of great coaching. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(1), 93119. doi:10.1260/1747-9541.4.1.93

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bentzen, M., Lemyre, P.N., & Kenttä, G. (2016). Development of exhaustion for high performance coaches in association with workload and motivation: A person-centered approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 1019. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.004

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boardley, I.D., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2008). Athletes’ perceptions of coaching effectiveness and athlete-related outcomes in rugby union: An investigation based on the coaching efficacy model. The Sport Psychologist, 22(3), 269287. doi:10.1123/tsp.22.3.269

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Braga, L., Taliaferro, A., & Blagrave, J. (2018). Inclusion in the 21st Century: Insights and considerations for teacher and coach preparation. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 89(6), 4249. doi:10.1080/07303084.2018.1476938

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brewer, B.W., & Cornelius, A.E. (2001). Norms and factorial invariance of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale. Academic Athletic Journal, 15(2), 103113.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • British Paralympic Association. (2018). Get involved: Coaching. Retrieved from https://parasport.org.uk/coaching

  • *

    Bundon, A., & Hurd Clarke, L. (2015). Honey or vinegar? Athletes with disabilities discuss strategies for advocacy within the Paralympic movement. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(5), 351370. doi:10.1177/0193723514557823

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Bundon, A., Mason, B.S., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V.L. (2017). Expert users’ perceptions of racing wheelchair design and setup: The knowns, unknowns, and next steps. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 34(2), 141161. PubMed ID: 28556768 doi:10.1123/apaq.2016-0073

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burkett, B. (2013). Coaching athletes with a disability. In P. Potrac, W. Gilbert, & J. Denison (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports coaching (pp. 196209). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Bush, A.J., & Silk, M.L. (2012). Politics, power & the podium: Coaching for Paralympic performance. Reflective Practice, 13(3), 471482. doi:10.1080/14623943.2012.670109

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Canadian Paralympic Committee. (2017). The Coaching Association of Canada launches coaching athletes with a disability, an NCCP eLearning module. Retrieved from http://paralympic.ca/news-and-events/news/the-coaching-association-of-canada-launches-coaching-athletes-with-a-disability

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Cheon, S.H., Reeve, J., Lee, J., & Lee, Y. (2015). Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high-stakes sport context: A field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic Games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 5969. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clark, H.J., Camiré, M., Wade, T.J., & Cairney, J. (2015). Sport participation and its association with social and psychological factors known to predict substance use and abuse among youth: A scoping review of the literature. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 224250. PubMed ID: 26692895 doi:10.1080/1750984X.2015.1068829

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Clark, I., Machova, I., & Lewis, P. (2012). Coach’s perspective. Palaestra, 30(3), 3943.

  • Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 307323. doi:10.1260/174795409789623892

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Cregan, K., Bloom, G.A., & Reid, G. (2007). Career evolution and knowledge of elite coaches of swimmers with a physical disability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(4), 339350. PubMed ID: 17941538 doi:10.1080/02701367.2007.10599431

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J.D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Culver, D.M., & Werthner, P. (2018). Voices: Para athletes speak. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(2), 167175. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2017.1393004

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    DePauw, K.P., & Gavron, S.J. (1991). Coaches of athletes with disabilities. Physical Educator, 48(1), 3340.

  • *

    Docheff, D.M. (2011). Dealing with differences: A coach’s perspective. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 82(8), 3339. doi:10.1080/07303084.2011.10598674

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Dorogi, L., Bognar, J., & Petrovics, L. (2008). Introducing disability issues into the education of coaches. Physical Education and Sport, 52(-1), 3945. doi:10.2478/v10030-008-0009-3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Douglas, S., Falcão, W.R., & Bloom, G.A. (2018). Career development and learning pathways of Paralympic coaches with a disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 35(1), 93110. PubMed ID: 29182365 doi:10.1123/apaq.2017-0010

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Douglas, S., & Hardin, B. (2014). Case study of an expert intercollegiate wheelchair basketball coach. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual, 29, 193212.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Douglas, S., Vidic, Z., Smith, M., & Stran, M. (2016). Developing coaching expertise: Life histories of expert collegiate wheelchair and standing basketball. Palaestra, 30(1), 3142.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Downs, P. (2015). Do coaches need knowledge of impairment to coach athletes with disabilities? Palaestra, 29(2), 4245.

  • *

    Duarte, T., & Culver, D.M. (2014). Becoming a coach in developmental adaptive sailing: A lifelong learning perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(4), 441456. PubMed ID: 25210408 doi:10.1080/10413200.2014.920935

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Fairhurst, K., Bloom, G.A., & Harvey, W.J. (2017). The learning and mentoring experiences of Paralympic coaches. Disability and Health Journal, 10(2), 240246. PubMed ID: 27806907 doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.10.007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Falcão, W.R., Bloom, G.A., & Loughead, T.M. (2015). Coaches’ perceptions of team cohesion in Paralympic sports. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3), 206222. doi:10.1123/APAQ.2014-0122

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Giacobbi, P.R., Stancil, M., Hardin, B., & Bryant, L. (2008). Physical activity and quality of life experienced by highly active individuals with physical disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(3), 189207. PubMed ID: 18765861 doi:10.1123/apaq.25.3.189

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodwin, D.L., & Compton, S.G. (2004). Physical activity experiences of women aging with disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(2), 122138. doi:10.1123/apaq.21.2.122

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodwin, D.L., Krohn, J., & Kuhnle, A. (2004). Beyond the wheelchair: The experience of dance. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(3), 229247. doi:10.1123/apaq.21.3.229

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grant, M.J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91108. PubMed ID: 19490148 doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hassan, D., & Dowling, S., McConkey, R., & Menke, S. (2012). The inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in team sports: Lessons from the Youth Unified Sports programme of Special Olympics. Sport in Society, 15(9), 12751290. doi:10.1080/17430437.2012.695348

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Holmes, S., & Maisel, A. (1998). London leading the way for disabled sports coaches and integration training. British Journal of Physical Education, 29, 3032.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Paralympic Committee. (n.d.). Classification introduction. Retrieved from https://www.paralympic.org/classification

  • International Paralympic Committee. (2015). IPC Academy launches new online coaching program. Retrieved from https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-academy-launches-new-online-coaching-programme

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Itoh, M., Hums, M.A., Arai, A., & Ogasawara, E. (2018). Realizing identity and overcoming barriers: Factors influencing female Japanese Paralympians to become coaches. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 201630.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Kardiyanto, D.W., Setijono, H., & Mintarto, E. (2017). The evaluation of Indonesia Paralympic coaching. European Journal of Special Education Research, 2(4), 101122. doi:10.5281/zenodo.891047

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kavussanu, M., Boardley, I.D., Jutkiewicz, N., Vincent, S., & Ring, C. (2008). Coaching efficacy and coaching effectiveness: Examining their predictors and comparing coaches’ and athletes’ reports. The Sport Psychologist, 22(4), 383404. doi:10.1123/tsp.22.4.383

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kenttä, G., Bentzen, M., Dieffenbach, K., & Olusoga, P. (2020). Challenges Experienced by Women High-Performance Coaches: Sustainability in the Profession. International Sport Coaching Journal, 1, 19.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Kozub, F.M., & Porretta, D.L. (1998). Interscholastic coaches’ attitudes toward integration of adolescents with disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 15(4), 328344. doi:10.1123/apaq.15.4.328

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lara-Bercial, S., & Mallett, C.J. (2016). The practices and developmental pathways of professional and Olympic serial winning coaches. International Sport Coaching Journal, 3(3), 221239. doi:10.1123/iscj.2016-0083

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lefebvre, J.S., Evans, M.B., Turnnidge, J., Gainforth, H.L., & Côté, J. (2016). Describing and classifying coach development programmes: A synthesis of empirical research and applied practice. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(6), 887899. doi:10.1177/1747954116676116

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K.K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 69. PubMed ID: 20854677 doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-69

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lundqvist, C., Ståhl, L., Kenttä, G., & Thulin, U. (2018). Evaluation of a mindfulness intervention for Paralympic leaders prior to the Paralympic Games. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(1), 6271. doi:10.1177/1747954117746495

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • MacDonald, D.J., Beck, K., Erickson, K., & Côté, J. (2016). Understanding sources of knowledge for coaches of athletes with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(3), 242249. PubMed ID: 25846939 doi:10.1111/jar.12174

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Magnanini, A. (2017). Inclusive coach between theory and practice. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 5(25), 364374. doi:10.14486/IntJSCS702

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Martins, J., de Almeida, G., & Julio, J. (2016). The main dilemmas of taekwondo training of students with disabilities-analysis of the opinion of professional coaches. Archives of Budo, 12, 159166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    McMaster, S., Culver, D., & Werthner, P. (2012). Coaches of athletes with a physical disability: A look at their learning experiences. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4(2), 226243. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2012.686060

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Molik, B., Laskin, J.J., Golbeck, A.L., Kosmol, A., Rekowski, W., Morgulec-Adamowicz, N., … Gomez, M.A. (2017). The international wheelchair basketball federation’s classification system: The participants’ perspective. Kinesiology, 49(1), 117126. doi:10.26582/k.49.1.1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Nicholls, S.B., James, N., Bryant, E., & Wells, J. (2018). Elite coaches’ use and engagement with performance analysis within Olympic and Paralympic sport. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 18(5), 764779. doi:10.1080/24748668.2018.1517290

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Olusoga, P., Bentzen, M., & Kentta, G. (2019). Coach burnout: A scoping review. International Sport Coaching Journal, 6(1), 4262. doi:10.1123/iscj.2017-0094

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pickering Francis, L. (2005). Competitive sports, disability, and problems of justice in sports. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 32(2), 127132. doi:10.1080/00948705.2005.9714677

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Ringland, A. (2013). A psychological framework for developing success: From 5 to 16 in four years. Reflective Practice, 14(5), 680690. doi:10.1080/14623943.2013.839448

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Ritchie, D., & Allen, J. (2015). ‘Let them get on with it’: Coaches’ perceptions of their roles and coaching practices during Olympic and Paralympic Games. International Sport Coaching Journal, 2(2), 108124. doi:10.1123/iscj.2014-0092

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ritchie, D., Allen, J.B., & Kirkland, A. (2018). Where science meets practice: Olympic coaches’ crafting of the tapering process. Journal of sports sciences, 36(10), 11451154.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Robbins, J.E., Houston, E., & Dummer, G.M. (2010). Philosophies and expectations of wheelchair and stand-up collegiate basketball coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33(1), 42.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Ruiz-Barquín, R., de la Vega-Marcos, R., De la Rocha, M., & Ortín-Montero, F.J. (2017). Resilience in adapted paddle coaches. Anales de Psicología, 33(3), 743754. doi:10.6018/analesps.33.3.271851

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samuel, R.D., & Tenenbaum, G. (2011). How do athletes perceive and respond to change- events: An exploratory measurement tool. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 392406. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.03.002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Samuel, R.D., Tenenbaum, G., & Bar-Mecher, H.G. (2016). The Olympic Games as a career change-event: Israeli athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of London 2012. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24(4), 3847. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, B., & Sparkes, A.C. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. London: Routledge.

  • Sparkes, A.C., & Smith, B. (2009). Judging the quality of qualitative inquiry: Criteriology and relativism in action. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(5), 491497. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Spencer-Cavaliere, N., Thai, J., & Kingsley, B. (2017). A part of and apart from sport: Practitioners’ experiences coaching in segregated youth sport. Social Inclusion, 5(2), 120129. doi:10.17645/si.v5i2.889

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stephens, C., Neil, R., & Smith, P. (2012). The perceived benefits and barriers of sport in spinal cord injured individuals: A qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(24), 20612070. PubMed ID: 22494335 doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.669020

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Takamatsu, S., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2018). Effect of coaching behaviors on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: The case of comprehensive community sport clubs in Japan. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(4), 508519. doi:10.1177/1747954117742652

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Tawse, H., Bloom, G.A., Sabiston, C.M., & Reid, G. (2012). The role of coaches of wheelchair rugby in the development of athletes with a spinal cord injury. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4(2), 206225. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2012.685104

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Taylor, S., Werthner, P., Culver, D., & Callary, B. (2015). The importance of reflection for coaches in parasport. Reflexive Practice, 16(2), 269284. doi:10.1080/14623943.2015.1023274

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Taylor, S.L., Werthner, P., & Culver, D. (2014). A case study of a parasport coach and a life of learning. International Sport Coaching Journal, 1(3), 127138. doi:10.1123/iscj.2013-0005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Townsend, R.C., Huntley, T., Cushion, C.J., & Fitzgerald, H. (2020). ‘It’s not about disability, I want to win as many medals as possible’: The social construction of disability in high-performance coaching. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(3), 344360. doi:10.1177/1012690218797526

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • van Dijk, A., Daďová, K., & Martínková, I. (2017). Intellectual disability sport and Paralympic classification. Acta Universitatis Carolinae: Kinanthropologica, 53(1), 2134.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Vute, R. (2005). Self-perception of national team coaches in volleyball for the disabled. Acta Universitas Palackianae Olomucensis, Gymnica, 35(1), 6979.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Wareham, Y., Burkett, B., Innes, P., & Lovell, G.P. (2017). Coaching athletes with disability: Preconceptions and reality. Sport in Society, 20(9), 11851202. doi:10.1080/17430437.2016.1269084

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Wareham, Y., Burkett, B., Innes, P., & Lovell, G.P. (2018). Sport coaches’ education, training and professional development: The perceptions and preferences of coaches of elite athletes with disability in Australia. Sport in Society, 21(12), 20482067. doi:10.1080/17430437.2018.1487955

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Women in International Politics. (2018). 2018, woman and political leadership—female heads of state and heads of government. Retrieved from https://firstladies.international/2018/02/20/2018-women-and-political-leadership-female4 heads-of-state-and-heads-of-government/

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Health topics. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/

  • World Para Athletics. (2012). Athletes with intellectual impairment return to Paralympics. Retrieved from https://www.paralympic.org/news/athletes-intellectual-impairment-return-paralympics?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI8t2l0YLU6AIVmY7ICh3mQAEjEAAYASAAEgL3TPD_BwE

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Women’s Sports Foundation. (2017). Women in the Olympic and Paralympic Games: An analysis of participation, leadership, and media coverage. Retrieved from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wsf-2016-olympic_paralympic-report-final.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 4152 1735 51
Full Text Views 151 48 1
PDF Downloads 142 55 2