A Scoping Review of Mixed Methods Research About Physical Activity for Children With Disabilities

in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

Click name to view affiliation

Mathieu MichaudDepartment of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Search for other papers by Mathieu Michaud in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-768X*
,
William J. HarveyDepartment of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada

Search for other papers by William J. Harvey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-2558
, and
Gordon A. BloomDepartment of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Search for other papers by Gordon A. Bloom in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-9922
Restricted access

The purpose of this scoping review was to examine how mixed methods research (MMR) has been applied in adapted physical activity (APA) research about children and adolescents age 5–18 years with a disability. Six electronic databases were searched to retrieve relevant studies published between 2003 and 2020. Sixty-four studies were identified and analyzed. The findings were organized into five categories of interest: publication information, study objectives, mixed methods research design, participants’ information, and data integration. Challenges related to the design and publication of MMR in APA were uncovered, and suggestions for improvement are provided. This study adds to the knowledge of MMR design, and it provides an understanding of the underlying processes and methodological strategies that have guided this approach in APA research. This article will encourage APA researchers to engage in MMR while also aligning future studies with contemporary MMR literature and publication standards.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • *

    Adams, I.L.J., Broekkamp, W., Wilson, P.H., Imms, C., Overvelde, A., & Steenbergen, B. (2018). Role of pediatric physical therapists in promoting sports participation in developmental coordination disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 30(2), 106111. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000485

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Alexander, M.G.F., Dummer, G.M., Smeltzer, A., & Denton, S.J. (2011). Developing the social skills of young adult Special Olympics athletes. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(2), 297310.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 1932. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Armila, P., Rannikko, A., & Torvinen, P. (2018). Young people with intellectual disabilities and sport as a leisure activity: Notions from the Finnish welfare society. Leisure Studies, 37(3), 295306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1397184

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Ayvazoglu, N.R., Kozub, F.M., Butera, G., & Murray, M.J. (2015). Determinants and challenges in physical activity participation in families with children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders from a family systems perspective. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 93105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.015

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Ayvazoglu, N.R., Oh, H.-K., & Kozub, F.M. (2006). Explaining physical activity in children with visual impairments: A family systems approach. Exceptional Children, 72(2), 235248. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290607200207

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bedoin, D., & Scelles, R. (2015). Qualitative research interviews of children with communication disorders: Methodological implications. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 30(4), 474489. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2015.1035884

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Belley-Ranger, E., Duquette, M.-M., Carbonneau, H., & Roult, R. (2016). Interactions with peers in physical activities among students with disabilities in Québec. World Leisure Journal, 58(2), 8597. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2015.1107619

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Bildiren, A. (2018). Family and volunteer partner opinions on young athletes project. International Education Studies, 11(5), 4658. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n5p46

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Bremer, E., & Lloyd, M. (2016). School-based fundamental-motor-skill intervention for children with autism-like characteristics: An exploratory study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 33(1), 6688. https://doi.org/10.1123/APAQ.2015-0009

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Brunes, A., Krokstad, E., & Augestad, L.B. (2017). How to succeed? Physical activity for individuals who are blind. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 35(3), 264274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264619617716720

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bryman, A. (2007). Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 822. https://doi.org/10.1177/2345678906290531

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Butler, R.S., & Hodge, S.R. (2004). Social inclusion of students with disabilities in middle school physical education classes. RMLE Online: Research in Middle Level Education, 27(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2004.11658162

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Carter, B., Grey, J., McWilliams, E., Clair, Z., Blake, K., & Byatt, R. (2014). ‘Just kids playing sport (in a chair)’: Experiences of children, families and stakeholders attending a wheelchair sports club. Disability & Society, 29(6), 938952. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.880329

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cassar, S., Salmon, J., Timperio, A., Naylor, P.-J., van Nassau, F., Contardo Ayala, A.M., & Koorts, H. (2019). Adoption, implementation and sustainability of school-based physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions in real-world settings: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 120.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Clapham, E.D., Minsuk, S., Lamont, L.S., & Armitano, C. (2018). A case report illustrating the implementation of a therapeutic surfing intervention for an adolescent with autism. Palaestra, 32(2), 4953.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Creswell, J.W., & Plano Clark, V.L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage.

  • Creswell, J.W., & Plano Clark, V.L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage.

  • Creswell, J.W., & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage.

  • Creswell J.W., Plano Clark V.L., Gutmann M.L., & Hanson W.E. (2003). Advanced mixed methods research designs. In A. Tashakkori& C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 209240). SAGE Publications, Inc.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Creswell, J.W., & Tashakkori, A. (2007). Editorial: Differing perspectives on mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(4), 303308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689807306132

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. Sage.

  • Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., & Giri, R.A. (2021). Mixed-methods research: A discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 2536. https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i2.20

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (2018). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin& Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed., pp. 126). Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Docherty, S., & Sandelowski, M. (1999). Focus on qualitative methods: Interviewing children. Research in Nursing & Health, 22(2), 177185.   https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199904)22:2< 177::AID-NUR9> 3.0.CO;2-H

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Esentürk, O.K., & Güngör, N.B. (2020). The effect of peer-mediated adaptive physical activity program on problem behaviors of mentally handicapped students. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(3), 163173. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n3p163

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Everhart, B., Dimon, C., Stone, D., Desmond, D., & Casilio, M. (2012). The influence of daily structured physical activity on academic progress of elementary students with intellectual disabilities. Education, 133(2), 298312.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Forseth, B., Papanek, P.E., Bandini, L., Schoeller, D., Moosreiner, A., Sawin, K.J., Zvara, K., Fendrich, M., & Polfuss, M. (2019). Feasibility and acceptability of a self-report activity diary in families of children with and without special needs. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 42(4), 293303. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2019.1606864

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Fragala-Pinkham, M., O’Neil, M.E., & Haley, S.M. (2010). Summative evaluation of a pilot aquatic exercise program for children with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 3(3), 162170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.11.002

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Gaintza, Z., & Castro, V. (2020). Physical education sessions in secondary school: Attitudes towards the inclusion of students with disabilities. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(1), 214221. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.01028

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Conducting qualitative interviews with school children in dental research. British Dental Journal, 204(7), 371374. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.245

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haegele, J.A., Lee, J., & Porretta, D.L. (2015). Research trends in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly from 2004 to 2013. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3), 187205. https://doi.org/10.1123/APAQ.2014-0232

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Harrison, L.J., Manocha, R., & Rubia, K. (2004). Sahaja yoga meditation as a family treatment programme for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(4), 479497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104504046155

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harvey, W.J., Michaud, M., & Wilkinson, S. (2020). Mixed-methods research. In J.A. Haegele, S.R. Hodge, & D.R. Shapiro (Eds.), Routledgehandbook of adapted physical education (pp. 183196). Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harvey, W.J., & Reid, G. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: APA research challenges. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.22.1.1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Harvey, W.J., Reid, G., Bloom, G.A., Staples, K., Grizenko, N., Mbekou, V., Ter-Stepanian, M., & Joober, R. (2009). Physical activity experiences of boys with ADHD. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(2), 131150. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.2.131

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Harvey, W.J., Wilkinson, S., Presse, C., Joober, R., & Grizenko, N. (2014). Children say the darndest things: Physical activity and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(2), 205220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.754000

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heidari, S., Babor, T.F., De, C.P., Tort, S., & Curno, M. (2016). Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 1(1), 2.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Hinckson, E.A., Dickinson, A., Water, T., Sands, M., & Penman, L. (2013). Physical activity, dietary habits and overall health in overweight and obese children and youth with intellectual disability or autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(4), 11701178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Hind, D., Parkin, J., Whitworth, V., Rex, S., Young, T., Hampson, L., Sheehan, J., Maguire, C., Cantrill, H., Scott, E., Epps, H., Main, M., Geary, M., McMurchie, H., Pallant, L., Woods, D., Freeman, J., Lee, E., Eagle, M., . . . Baxter, P. (2017). Aquatic therapy for children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial and mixed-methods process evaluation. Health Technology Assessment, 21(27), 1120. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta21270

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hodge, S.R., Kozub, F.M., Robinson, L.E., & Hersman, B.L. (2007). Reporting gender, race, ethnicity, and sociometric status: Guidelines for research and professional practice. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 24(1), 2137. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.24.1.21

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hong, Q.N., Pluye, P., Fabregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., & Vedel, I. (2018). Mixed methods appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018. Canadian Intellectual Property Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Howells, K., Sivaratnam, C., May, T., Lindor, E., & Rinehart, N. (2019). A pilot acceptability study of an ‘AllPlay Pre-Learn’ day program to facilitate participation in organised physical activity for children with disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), Article 5058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245058

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Howie, E.K., Campbell, A.C., Abbott, R.A., & Straker, L.M. (2017). Understanding why an active video game intervention did not improve motor skill and physical activity in children with developmental coordination disorder: A quantity or quality issue? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 60, 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.013

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Jaarsma, E.A., Dijkstra, P.U., de Blecourt, A.C.E., Geertzen, J.H.B., & Dekker, R. (2015). Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities: A mixed-method study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(18), 16171625. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.972587

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, R.B., & Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 1426. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, R.B., Onwuegbuzie, A.J., & Turner, L.A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, R.A., Downing, K., Rinehart, N.J., Barnett, L.M., May, T., McGillivray, J.A., Papadopoulos, N.V., Skouteris, H., Timperio, A., Hinkley, T., & Buchowski, M. (2017). Physical activity, sedentary behavior and their correlates in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. PLoS One, 12(2), Article e0172482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172482

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Karkaletsi, F., Skordilis, E.K., Evaggelinou, C., Grammatopoulou, E., & Spanaki, E. (2012). Research trends in adapted physical activity on the base of APAQ journal (2006–2010). European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 5(2), 4564. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2012.008

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Kemeny, E., & Arnhold, R. (2012). “I can do it, you can do it”: Collaborative practices for enhancing physical activity. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46(4), 268283.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Klavina, A., Jerlinder, K., Kristén, L., Hammar, L., & Soulie, T. (2014). Cooperative oriented learning in inclusive physical education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29(2), 119134. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2013.859818

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Kolehmainen, N., Ramsay, C., McKee, L., Missiuna, C., Owen, C., & Francis, J. (2015). Participation in physical play and leisure in children with motor impairments: Mixed-methods study to generate evidence for developing an intervention. Physical Therapy, 95(10), 13741386. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140404

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Kozub, F.M. (2003). Explaining physical activity in individuals with mental retardation: An exploratory study. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 38(3), 302313.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lavay, B., & Lasko-McCarthey, P. (1992). Adapted physical activity research: Issues and recommendations. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 9(3), 189196. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.9.3.189

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K.K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levitt, H.M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J.W., Frost, D.M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA publications and communications board task force report. The American Psychologist, 73(1), 2646. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000151

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Li, R., Sit, C.H.P., Yu, J.J., Duan, J.Z.J., Fan, T.C.M., McKenzie, T.L., & Wong, S.H.S. (2016). Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 89, 184193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.029

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lieberman, L.J., Haibach, P., & Schedlin, H. (2012). Physical education and children with CHARGE syndrome: Research to practice. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 106(2), 106119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X1210600205

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lieberman, L.J., & MacVicar, J.M. (2003). Play and recreational habits of youths who are deaf-blind. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 97(12), 755768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0309701203

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lieberman, L.J., Stuart, M.E., Hand, K., & Robinson, B. (2006). An investigation of the motivational effects of talking pedometers among children with visual impairments and deaf-blindness. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100(12), 726736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0610001204

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lloyd, M., Reid, G., & Bouffard, M. (2006). Self-regulation of sport specific and educational problem-solving tasks by boys with and without DCD. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 23(4), 370389. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.23.4.370

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lodal, K., & Bond, C. (2017). An exploratory product evaluation of the Manchester Motor Skills Programme. Educational Psychology in Practice, 33(2), 149166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2016.1261803

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Lyons, S., Corneille, D., Coker, P., & Ellis, C. (2009). A miracle in the outfield: The benefits of participation in organized baseball leagues for children for mental and physical disabilities. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 43(3), 4148.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Mak, C.K., Whittingham, K., & Boyd, R.N. (2019). Experiences of children and parents in MiYoga, an embodied mindfulness yoga program for cerebral palsy: A mixed method study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 34, 208216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.12.006

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Maring, J., Croarkin, E., Morgan, S., & Plack, M. (2013). Perceived effectiveness and barriers to physical therapy services for families and children with Friedreich ataxia. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 25(3), 305313. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e31828ed7cb

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Martin, R.A., Graham, F.P., Levack, W.M.M., Taylor, W.J., & Surgenor, L.J. (2020). Exploring how therapeutic horse riding improves health outcomes using a realist framework. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(2), 129139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022619865496

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    May, T., Rinehart, N., Barnett, L., Hinkley, T., McGillivray, J., Skouteris, H., Stephens, D., & Goldfinch, D. (2018). ‘We’re doing AFL Auskick as well’: Experiences of an adapted football program for children with autism. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 6(1), 130146. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0055

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • May, T., Dudley, A., Charles, J., Kennedy, K., Mantilla, A., McGillivray, J., Wheeler, K., Elston, H., & Rinehart, N.J. (2020). Barriers and facilitators of sport and physical activity for aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adolescents: A mixed studies systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 601.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McKenzie, J.E., Brennan, S.E., Ryan, R.E., Thomson, H.J., Johnston, R.V., Thomas, J. (2019). Chapter 3: Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis. In J.P.T. Higgins, J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M.J. Page, & V.A. Welch (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (2nd ed., pp. 3365). Cochrane.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McKim, C.A. (2017). The value of mixed methods research: A mixed methods study. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 11(2), 202222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815607096

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Milligan, K., Badali, P., & Spiroiu, F. (2015). Using Integra mindfulness martial arts to address self-regulation challenges in youth with learning disabilities: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 562575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9868-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Miyahara, M., & Wafer, A. (2004). Clinical intervention for children with developmental coordination disorder: A multiple case study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(3), 281300. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.21.3.281

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Must, A., Phillips, S., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L.G. (2015). Barriers to physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders: Relationship to physical activity and screen time. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(4), 529534. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0271

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Obrusnikova, I., & Cavalier, A.R. (2011). Perceived barriers and facilitators of participation in after-school physical activity by children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(3), 195211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-010-9215-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • O’Cathain, A., Murphy, E., & Nicholl, J. (2007). Integration and publications as indicators of “yield” from mixed methods studies. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 147163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806299094

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Oguzhan, N.S., & Hunuk, D. (2017). Experiences of students with special needs on sport education model. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(13), 7078. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i13.2853

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Oladunni, B., Lyoka, P.A., & Goon, D.T. (2015). Perceived motivational factors influencing students with disabilities towards sports participation in Amathole district, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 21(4.2), 13891401. https://doi.org/10520/EJC182292

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Oriel, K.N., Kanupka, J.W., Fuehrer, A.T., Klumpp, K.M., Stoltz, K.N., Willey, D.W., & Decvalcante, M.L. (2018). The impact of a rock climbing program for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 2(4), 113126. https://doi.org/10.1080/24711616.2018.1425601

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Plano Clark, V., Garrett, A., & Leslie-Pelecky, D. (2010). Applying three strategies for integrating quantitative and qualitative databases in a mixed methods study of a nontraditional graduate education program. Field Methods, 22(2), 154174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X09357174

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Porretta, D.L., & Sherrill, C. (2005). APAQ at twenty: A documentary analysis. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22(2), 119135. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.22.2.119

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Qi, J., & Wang, L. (2018). Social interaction between students with and without disabilities in general physical education: A Chinese perspective. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(6), 575591. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1485139

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ratner, C. (2008). Reductionism. In L.M. Given (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (p. 747). Sage.

  • *

    Rivera, P., Renziehausen, J., & Garcia, J.M. (2020). Effects of an 8-week judo program on behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder: A mixed-methods approach. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(5), 734741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00994-7

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Roult, R., Carbonneau, H., Chan, T., Belley-Ranger, É., & Duquette, M.-M. (2014). Physical activity and the development of the built environment in schools for youth with a functional disability in Québec. Sport Science Review, 23(5/6), 225240. https://doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2015-0003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Sands, C., Hodges Kulinna, P., van der Mars, H., & Dorantes, L. (2019). Trained peer tutors in adapted physical education class. Palaestra, 33(4), 2026.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Sangster Jokić, C.A., & Whitebread, D. (2016). Self-regulatory skill among children with and without developmental coordination disorder: An exploratory study. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 36(4), 401421. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2015.1135844

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Scally, J.B., & Lord, R. (2019). Developing physical activity interventions for children with a visual impairment: Lessons from the first steps initiative. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 37(2), 108123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264619618823822

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sherrill, C., & O’Connor, J. (1999). Guidelines for improving adapted physical activity research. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 16(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.1.1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Shields, N., van den Bos, R., Buhlert-Smith, K., Prendergast, L., & Taylor, N. (2019). A community-based exercise program to increase participation in physical activities among youth with disability: A feasibility study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(10), 11521159. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1422034

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spencer, N.L.I., Peers, D., & Eales, L. (2020). Disability language in adapted physical education. In J.A. Haegele, S.R. Hodge, & D.R. Shapiro (Eds.), Routledge handbook of adapted physical education (pp. 131143). Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. Sage.

  • Teachman, G., & Gibson, B.E. (2013). Children and youth with disabilities: Innovative methods for single qualitative interviews. Qualitative Health Research, 23(2), 264274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312468063

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thomas, J.R., Nelson, J.K., & Silverman, S.J. (2015). Research methods in physical activity (7th ed.). Human Kinetics.

  • Timans, R., Wouters, P., & Heilbron, J. (2019). Mixed methods research: What it is and what it could be. Theory and Society, 48(2), 193216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-019-09345-5

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K., Colquhoun, H., Kastner, M., Levac, D., Ng, C., Sharpe, J.P., Wilson, K., Kenny, M., Warren, R., Wilson, C., Stelfox, H.T., & Straus, S.E. (2016). A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0116-4

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Tzanetakos, N., Papastergiou, M., Vernadakis, N., & Antoniou, P. (2017). Utilizing physically interactive videogames for the balance training of adolescents with deafness within a physical education course. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(2), 614623. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.02093

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Verschuren, O., Wiart, L., Hermans, D., & Ketelaar, M. (2012). Identification of facilitators and barriers to physical activity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(3), 488494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.042

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Vertes, J., Hadi, S., & Ho, E.S. (2014). Parents’ perceptions of occupational therapy provided in group-based sensory motor therapy. Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools and Early Intervention, 7(1), 4553. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2014.898487

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Waffenschmidt, S., Knelangen, M., Sieben, W., Bühn, S., & Pieper, D. (2019). Single screening versus conventional double screening for study selection in systematic reviews: A methodological systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0782-0

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Wakely, L., Langham, J., Johnston, C., & Rae, K. (2018). Physical activity of rurally residing children with a disability: A survey of parents and carers. Disability and Health Journal, 11(1), 3135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.05.002

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Walker, A., Colquitt, G., Elliot, S., Emter, M., & Li, L. (2020). Using participatory action research to examine barriers and facilitators to physical activity among rural adolescents with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(26), 38383849. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1611952

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weaver, K. (2018). Pragmatic paradigm. In B.B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation. Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Weightman, A.P.H., Preston, N., Holt, R., Allsop, M., Levesley, M., & Bhakta, B. (2010). Engaging children in healthcare technology design: Developing rehabilitation technology for children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Engineering Design, 21(5), 579600. https://doi.org/10.1080/09544820802441092

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Wiart, L., Darrah, J., Kelly, M., & Legg, D. (2015). Community fitness programs: What is available for children and youth with motor disabilities and what do parents want? Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 35(1), 7387. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2014.990550

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Willis, C., Nyquist, A., Jahnsen, R., Elliott, C., & Ullenhag, A. (2018). Enabling physical activity participation for children and youth with disabilities following a goal-directed, family-centred intervention. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 77, 3039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.010

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Wingo, B.C., Yang, D., Davis, D., Padalabalanarayanan, S., Hopson, B., Thirumalai, M., & Rimmer, J.H. (2020). Lessons learned from a blended telephone/e-health platform for caregivers in promoting physical activity and nutrition in children with a mobility disability. Disability and Health Journal, 13(1), Article 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100826

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Wright, P.M., White, K., & Gaebler-Spira, D. (2004). Exploring the relevance of the personal and social responsibility model in adapted physical activity: A collective case study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 23(1), 7187. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.23.1.71

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Young, A., Silliman-French, L., Nichols, D., & Kyzar, K. (2020). Effect of adapted physical education and homework on gross motor development for young children with down syndrome. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 55(2), 228242.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zablotsky, B., Black, L.I., Maenner, M.J., Schieve, L.A., Danielson, M.L., Bitsko, R.H., Blumberg, S.J., Kogan, M.D., & Boyle, C.A. (2019). Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the US: 2009–2017. Pediatrics, 144(4), Article e20190811. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0811

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Zhao, M., & Chen, S. (2018). The effects of structured physical activity program on social interaction and communication for children with autism. BioMed Research International, 2018, Article 1825046. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1825046

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • *

    Zwicker, J.G., Rehal, H., Sodhi, S., Karkling, M., Paul, A., Hilliard, M., & Jarus, T. (2015). Effectiveness of a summer camp intervention for children with developmental coordination disorder. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 35(2), 163177 https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2014.957431

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1173 1173 56
Full Text Views 63 63 10
PDF Downloads 88 88 9