Physical Activity Among Young Children With Disabilities: A Systematic Review

in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

Click name to view affiliation

Leah G. Taylor Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Leah G. Taylor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-492X
,
Leigh M. Vanderloo School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
ParticipACTION, Toronto, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Leigh M. Vanderloo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-3717
,
Julia Yates Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Julia Yates in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-3642
,
Rebecca L. Bassett-Gunter School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Rebecca L. Bassett-Gunter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3279-6707
,
Meagan Stanley Department of Western Libraries, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Meagan Stanley in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-182X
, and
Patricia Tucker School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Patricia Tucker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8392-9418 *
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2022-0100
Keywords:
early years; healthy development; exercise; gross motor; disability
First Published Online:
29 Jun 2023
In Print:
Ahead of Print
Page Range:
1–22
Restricted access

Physical activity (PA) in the early years is foundational for growth and development and associated with numerous health benefits. However, the prevalence of PA participation among the pediatric population with disabilities is less clear. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing literature on PA levels of young children (0–5.99 years) with disabilities. Empirical quantitative studies were collected from seven databases and reference hand searching; 21 studies were included in the review. PA levels varied widely based on disability type and measurement strategies, but overall, PA levels were low. Future research should address the underrepresentation of measurement and reporting of the PA levels of young children with disabilities.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

Cover Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly

  • *Adamo, E.K., Wu, J., Wolery, M., Hemmeter, M.L., Ledford, J.R., & Barton, E.E. (2015). Using video modeling, prompting, and behavior-specific praise to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for young children with Down syndrome. Journal of Early Intervention, 37(4), 270–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815115620211

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K.P., Bassett-Gunter, R.L., Leo, J., Sharma, R., Olds, T., Latimer-Cheung, A.E., & Ginis, K.A.M. (2021). A cross-sectional examination of the 24-hour movement behaviours in Canadian youth with physical and sensory disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 14(1), Article 100980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100980

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Aubert, S., Barnes, J.D., Demchenko, I., Hawthorne, M., Abdeta, C., Abi Nader, P., ... Tremblay, M.S. (2022). Global Matrix 4.0 physical activity report card grades for children and adolescents: Results and analyses from 57 countries. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 19(11), 700–728. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0456

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Aubert, S., Brazo-Sayavera, J., González, S.A., Janssen, I., Manyanga, T., Oyeyemi, A.L., ... Tremblay, M.S. (2021). Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: A narrative review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18, Article 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01155-2

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Becerra, L.A., Higbee, T.S., Vieira, M.C., Pellegrino, A.J., & Hobson, K. (2021). The effect of photographic activity schedules on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 54(2), 744–759. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.796

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bingham, D.D., Costa, S., Hinkley, T., Shire, K.A., Clemes, S.A., & Barber, S.E. (2016). Physical activity during the early years: A systematic review of correlates and determinants. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(3), 384–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.04.022

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bloeman, M.A., Backx, F.J., Takken, T., Wittink, H., Benner, J., Mollema, J., & De Groot, J.F. (2015). Factors associated with physical activity in children and adolescents with a physical disability: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 57(2), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12624

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brown, D.M., & Ronen, G.M. (2021). Associations between 24-hour movement guideline adherence and mental health disorders among young people with active and inactive epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 125, Article 108386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108386

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Bulten, R., Brown, D., Rodriguez, C., & Cairney, J. (2020). Association of sedentary behaviour on internalizing problems in children with and without motor coordination problems. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 18, Article 100325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100325

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Bundgaard, A.K.F., Asmussen, J., Pedersen, N.S., & Bilenberg, N. (2018). Disturbed sleep and activity in toddlers with early signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Sleep Research, 27(5), Article 12686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12686

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Butte, N.F., Wong, W.W., Lee, J.S., Adolph, A.L., Puyau, M.R., & Zakeri, I.F. (2014). Prediction of energy expenditure and physical activity in preschoolers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(6), 1216–1226. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000209

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2018). The Ability Toolkit: A resource for parents of children and youth with a disability. https://cdpp.ca/sites/default/files/Ability%20Toolkit-Final-ENG.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Capio, C.M., Sit, C.H.P., & Abernethy, B. (2011). Fundamental movement skills testing in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33, 2519–2528. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.577502

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carlon, S.L., Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., & Shields, N. (2013). Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(8), 647–655. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.715721

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carson, V., Lee, E.Y., Hewitt, L., Jennings, C., Hunter, S., Kuzik, N., ... Tremblay, M.S. (2017). Systematic review of the relationships between physical activity and health indicators in the early years (0–4 years). BMC Public Health, 17(5), 33–63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4860-0

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Case, L., Ross, S., & Yun, J. (2020). Physical activity guideline compliance among a national sample of children with various developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 13(2), Article 100881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100881

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coe, D.P. (2020). Means of optimizing physical activity in the preschool environment. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 14(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827618818419

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dobell, A., Pringle, A., Faghy, M.A., & Roscoe, C.M. (2020). Fundamental movement skills and accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: A systematic review. Children, 7(11), Article 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110224

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Downs, S.H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 52(6), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Ebenegger, V., Marques-Vidal, P.M., Munsch, S., Quartier, V., Nydegger, A., Barral, J., ... Puder, J.J. (2012). Relationship of hyperactivity/inattention with adiposity and lifestyle characteristics in preschool children. Journal of Child Neurology, 27(7), 852–858. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811428009

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Einarsson, I., Olafsson, A., Hinriksdóttir, G., Johannsson, E., Daly, D., & Arngrímsson, S. (2014). Differences in physical activity among youth with and without intellectual disability. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47, Article 412. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000412

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Evenson, K.R., Catellier, D.J., Gill, K., Ondrak, K.S., & McMurray, R.G. (2008). Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(14), 1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802334196

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goodway, J.D., Ozmun, J.C., & Gallahue, D.L. (2019). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Hauck, J.L., Felzer-Kim, I.T., & Gwizdala, K.L. (2020). Early movement matters: Interplay of physical activity and motor skill development in infants with Down syndrome. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 37(2), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2019-0012

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Healy, S., Aigner, C.J., Haegele, J.A., & Patterson, F. (2019). Meeting the 24hr movement guidelines: An update on US youth with autism spectrum disorder from the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health. Autism Research, 12(6), 941–951. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2095

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hinckson, E.A., & Curtis, A. (2013). Measuring physical activity in children and youth living with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.022

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hnatiuk, J.A., Salmon, J., Hinkley, T., Okely, A.D., & Trost, S. (2014). A review of preschool children’s physical activity and sedentary time using objective measures. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(4), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Imms, C., Granlund, M., Wilson, P.H., Steenbergen, B., Rosenbaum, P.L., & Gordon, A.M. (2017). Participation, both a means and an end: A conceptual analysis of processes and outcomes in childhood disability. Developmental Medical and Child Neurology, 59, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13237

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Kang, S., Kim, S.Y., Zittel, L.L., & Looney, M. (2019). Physical activity levels and social interactions of preschoolers with and without disabilities. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 15(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836460.230

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Keawutan, P., Bell, K.L., Oftedal, S., Davies, P.S., & Boyd, R.N. (2016). Validation of accelerometer cut-points in children with cerebral palsy aged 4 to 5 years. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 28(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000291

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Ketcheson, L., Hauck, J.L., & Ulrich, D. (2018). The levels of physical activity and motor skills in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder, aged 2–5 years. Autism, 22(4), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316683889

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Ketcheson, L., Staples, K., Pitchford, E.A., & Loetzner, F. (2023). Promoting positive health outcomes in an urban community-based physical activity intervention for preschool aged children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 633–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04871-7

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *King‐Dowling, S., Kwan, M.Y., Rodriguez, C., Missiuna, C., Timmons, B.W., & Cairney, J. (2019). Physical activity in young children at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 61(11), 1302–1308. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14237

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *King-Dowling, S., Rodriguez, C., Missiuna, C., Timmons, B.W., & Cairney, J. (2018). Health-related fitness in preschool children with and without motor delays. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(7), 1442–1448. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001590

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kuzik, N., Naylor, P.J., Spence, J.C., & Carson, V. (2020). Movement behaviours and physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development in preschool-aged children: Cross-sectional associations using compositional analyses. PLoS One, 15(8), e0237945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237945

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leung, W., Siebert, E.A., & Yun, J. (2017). Measuring physical activity with accelerometers for individuals with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 67, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.06.001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liang, X., Li, R., Wong, S., Sum, R., & Sit, C. (2020). Accelerometer-measured physical activity levels in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 19, Article 101147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101147

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Lloyd, M.C. (2008). Physical activity of preschool age children with and without Down syndrome [Study 1: Doctoral dissertation]. University of Michigan. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/127020

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Logan, S.W., Lobo, M.A., Feldner, H.A., Schreiber, M., MacDonald, M., Winden, H.N., ... Galloway, J.C. (2017). Power-up: Exploration and play in a novel modified ride-on car for standing. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 29(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000336

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Logan, S.W., Schreiber, M., Lobo, M., Pritchard, B., George, L., & Galloway, J.C. (2015). Real-world performance: Physical activity, play, and object-related behaviors of toddlers with and without disabilities. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 27(4), 433–441. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000181

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *McLaughlin, C.A.H. (2010). Decreasing stereotypy in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder: The role of increased physical activity and function [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Washington.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moser, T., & Reikerås, E. (2016). Motor-life-skills of toddlers—A comparative study of Norwegian and British boys and girls applying the early years movement skills checklist. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(1), 115–135. https://doi-org.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca/10.1080/1350293X.2014.895560

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Munn, Z., Barker, T.H., Moola, S., Tufanaru, C., Stern, C., McArthur, A., Stephenson, M., & Aromataris, E. (2020). Methodological quality of case series studies: An introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2127–2133. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00099

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Neville, R.D., Draper, C.E., Cooper, T.J., Abdullah, M.M., & Lakes, K.D. (2021). Association between engagement in physical activity and adaptive behavior in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 20, Article 100389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100389

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • O’Brien, T.D., Noyes, J., Spencer, L.H., Kubis, H., Hastings, R.P., & Whitaker, R. (2016). Systematic review of physical activity and exercise interventions to improve health, fitness and well-being of children and young people who use wheelchairs. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2(1), Article 109. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000109

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., ... Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, Article 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Park, C., Kim, S.Y., Zittel, L.L., & Looney, M. (2017). Validity and reliability evidence of the physical activity level screening for preschoolers with developmental delays and/or disabilities. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(2), 210–213. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1732888.444

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parrish, A.M., Tremblay, M.S., Carson, S., Veldman, S.L., Cliff, D., Vella, S., ... Okely, A.D. (2020). Comparing and assessing physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents: A systematic literature review and analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-0914-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pate, R.R., Almeida, M.J., McIver, K.L., Pfeiffer, K.A., & Dowda, M. (2006). Validation and calibration of an accelerometer in preschool children. Obesity, 14(11), 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.234

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Paterson, D.C., Ramage, K., Moore, S.A., Riazi, N., Tremblay, M.S., & Faulkner, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the movement behaviours of children and youth: A scoping review of evidence after the first year. Jorunal of Sport and Health Science, 10(6), 675–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.001

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Puyau, M.R., Adolph, A.L., Vohra, F.A., & Butte, N.F. (2002). Validation and calibration of physical activity monitors in children. Obesity Research, 10(3), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.24

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ross, S.M., Smit, E., Yun, J., Bogart, K., Hatfield, B., & Logan, S.W. (2020). Updated national estimates of disparities in physical activity and sports participation experienced by children and adolescents with disabilities: NSCH 2016–2017. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17(4), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0421

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Schenkelberg, M.A., McIver, K.L., Brown, W.H., & Pate, R.R. (2020). Preschool environmental influences on physical activity in children with disabilities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(12), 2682–2689. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002401

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Schenkelberg, M.A., Rosenkranz, R.R., Milliken, G.A., & Dzewaltowski, D.A. (2015). Social environmental influences on physical activity of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(5), 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0312

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Schmidt, E.M., Hoffman, J.A., Mulé, C., & Briesch, A. (2021). Effects of a teacher training program to promote physically active play among preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of School Psychology, 85, 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2021.01.003

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Sung, Y.S., & Lin, L.Y. (2019). Preliminary study on physical activity and motor performance in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(10), e109–e110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.321

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sutherland, L., McGarty, A.M., Melville, C.A., & Hughes‐McCormack, L.A. (2021). Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(5), 405–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12811

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tandon, P., Sasser, T., Gonzalez, E.S., & Whitlock, K.B. (2019). Physical activity, screen time, and sleep in children with ADHD. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 16(6), Article 215. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0215

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • *Thomas, S., Barnett, L.M., Papadopoulos, N., Lander, N., McGillivray, J., & Rinehart, N. (2022). How do physical activity and sedentary behaviour affect motor competence in children with autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developing children: A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3443–3455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05205-3

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Timmons, B.W., LeBlanc, A.G., Carson, V., Connor Gorber, S., Dillman, C., Janssen, I., ... Tremblay, M.S. (2012). Systematic review of physical activity and health in the early years (aged 0–4 years). Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37(4), 773–792. https://doi.org/10.1139/h2012-070

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Timmons, B.W., Naylor, P.J., & Pfeiffer, K.A. (2007). Physical activity for preschool children—How much and how? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(Suppl. 2), S122–S134. https://doi.org/10.1139/H07-112

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Truelove, S., Bruijns, B.A., Vanderloo, L.M., O’Brien, K.T., Johnson, A.M., & Tucker, P. (2018). Physical activity and sedentary time during childcare outdoor play sessions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 108, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.022

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Truelove, S., Vanderloo, L.M., & Tucker, P. (2017). Defining and measuring active play among young children: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 14(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0195

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tucker, P. (2008). The physical activity levels of preschool-aged children: A systematic review. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(4), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.08.005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2021). Seen, counted, included: Using data to shed light on the well-being of children with disabilities. UNICEF. https://data.unicef.org/resources/children-with-disabilities-report-2021/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vanderloo, L.M., Taylor, L., Yates, J., Bassett-Gunter, R., Stanley, M., & Tucker, P. (2022). Physical activity among young children with disabilities: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 12(8), Article 60140. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060140

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Veritas Health Innovation. (2017). Covidence systematic review software. www.covidence.org

  • Welk, G.J., Corbin, C.B., & Dale, D. (2000). Measurement issues in the assessment of physical activity in children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(Suppl. 2), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2000.11082788

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • White, L., Volfson, Z., Faulkner, G., & Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K. (2016). Reliability and validity of physical activity instruments used in children and youth with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Pediatric Exercise Science, 28(2), 240–263. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0123

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Willis, C.E., Reid, S., Elliott, C., Rosenberg, M., Nyquist, A., Jahnsen, R., & Girdler, S. (2018). A realist evaluation of a physical activity participation intervention for children and youth with disabilities: What works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how? BMC Pediatrics, 18, Article 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1089-8

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/311664

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wouters, M., Evenhuis, H.M., & Hilgenkamp, T.I. (2019). Physical activity levels of children and adolescents with moderate‐to‐severe intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12515

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1337 1337 119
Full Text Views 1604 1604 163
PDF Downloads 62 62 5