#Trending in the Right Direction: A Case Study Analyzing Temple Football’s #SpringBall18 Campaign

Click name to view affiliation

Jimmy Sanderson Texas Tech University, USA

Search for other papers by Jimmy Sanderson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Sarah Stokowski University of Arkansas, USA

Search for other papers by Sarah Stokowski in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
, and
Elizabeth Taylor Temple University, USA

Search for other papers by Elizabeth Taylor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

Social media play a major role in marketing and promotional efforts in intercollegiate athletics, yet student-athletes are rarely included in these campaigns. This case study analyzes a campaign employed by Temple University’s football program that departed from this norm. During their 2018 spring game, Temple coaches allowed football players to put their Twitter handles on the backs of their jerseys. Through interviews with athletic department staff members and football student-athletes and analysis of football players’ tweets and media framing of this campaign, several positive outcomes emerged. These included how the campaign fostered student-athlete buy-in and generated favorable media coverage for the program. However, analysis also revealed that while many football student-athletes actively used Twitter, they were not fully integrated into the campaign. Implications for including student-athletes’ social media content in athletic department marketing, branding, and promotional efforts are discussed.

Sanderson is with the Dept. of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Stokowski is with the Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Taylor is with the School of Sport, Tourism, and Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.

Sanderson (jimmy.sanderson@ttu.edu) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., & Seguin, B. (2019). Social media in relationship marketing: The perspective of professional sport managers in the MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL. Communication and Sport, 7(1), 80109. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/2167479517740343

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., Seguin, B., & Nzindukiyimana, O. (2017). Social media as a relationship marketing tool in professional sport: A netnographical exploration. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(3), 325358. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2017-0041

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Alalwan, A.A., Rana, N.P., Dwivedi, Y.K., & Algharabat, R. (2017). Social media in marketing: A review and analysis of the existing literature. Telematics & Informatics, 34 ,11771190. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.008

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (2017). A tale of four platforms: Motivations and uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat among college students? Social Media + Society, 3(1). doi:10/1177/2056305117691544

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Anderson, E., & Kian, E.M. (2012). Examining media contestation of masculinity and head trauma in the National Football League. Men and Masculinities, 15 ,152173. doi:10.1177/1097184X11430127

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Angelini, J.R., Billings, A.C., MacArthur, P.J., Bissell, K., & Reichart-Smith, L. (2014). Competing separately, medaling equally: Racial depictions of athletes in NBC’s primetime broadcast of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Howard Journal of Communications, 25 ,115133. doi:10.1080/10646175.2014.888380

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Armstrong, C.G., Delia, E.B., & Giardina, M.D. (2016). Embracing the social in social media: An analysis of the social media marketing strategies of the Los Angeles Kings. Communication & Sport, 4 ,145165. doi:10.1177/2167479514532914

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Billings, A.C., Angelini, J.R., MacArthur, P.J., Bissell, K., Smith, L.R., & Brown, N.A. (2014). Where the gender differences really reside: The “big five” sports featured in NBC’s 2012 London primetime Olympic broadcast. Communication Research Reports, 31 ,141153. doi:10.1080/08824096.2014.907142

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Billings, A.C., & Eastman, S.T. (2003). Framing identities: Gender, ethnic, and national parity in network announcing of the 2002 Winter Olympics. Journal of Communication, 53 , 569586. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02911.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Billings, A.C., Moscowitz, L.M., Rae, C., & Brown-Devlin, N. (2015). The art of coming out: Traditional and social media frames surrounding the NBA’s Jason Collins. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 92 ,142160. doi:10.1177/1077699014560516

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bishop, R. (2005). The wayward child: An ideological analysis of sports contract holdout coverage. Journalism Studies, 6 ,445459. doi:10.1080/14616700500250347

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Black, A.J. (2018, July 19). Behind enemy lines: Talking Temple football with Joe Serpico of Underdog Dynasty. Retrieved from https://www.bcinterruption.com/2018/7/19/17593448/geoff-collins-matt-rhule-steve-addazio-temple-owls-preview-2018-football

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blaszka, M., Burch, L.M., Frederick, E.L., Clavio, G., & Walsh, P. (2012). #WorldSeries: An empirical examination of a Twitter hashtag during a major sporting event. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5 ,435453. doi:10.1123/ijsc.5.4.435

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boykoff, J., & Yasuoka, M. (2015). Gender and politics at the 2012 Olympics: Media coverage and its implications. Sport in Society, 18 ,219233. doi:10.1080/17430437.2013.854481

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Branham, D. (2018, March 28). Her Instagram posts were deemed ‘too sexy’ for Cincy volleyball Dallas woman says in suit. Retrieved from https://www.dallasnews.com/newscourts//2018/03/28/dallas-woman-suing-ohio-college-suit-says-kicked-volleyball-team-sexy-instagram-photos

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 , 77101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Browning, B., & Sanderson, J. (2012). The positives and negatives of Twitter: Exploring how student-athletes use Twitter and respond to critical tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5 ,503521. doi:10.1123/ijsc.5.4.503

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burch, L.M., Frederick, E.L., & Pegoraro, A. (2015). Kissing in the carnage: An examination of framing on Twitter during the Vancouver riots. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59 ,399415. doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1054999

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carruthers, S.L. (2000). The media at war: Communication and conflict in the twentieth century. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

  • Cassilo, D., & Sanderson, J. (2018). “I don’t think it’s worth the risk”: Media framing of the Chris Borland retirement in digital and print media. Communication and Sport, 6, 86110. doi:10.1177/2167479516654513

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Conlin, L., McLemore, D.M., & Rush, R.A. (2014). Pinterest and female sport fans: Gaining a foothold in the male-dominated sport world. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(3), 357376. doi:10.1123/IJSC.2014-0027

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

  • Cranmer, G.A., & Sanderson, J. (2018). “Rough week for testosterone”: Public commentary around the Ivy League’s decision to restrict tackle football in practice. Western Journal of Communication, 82 , 631647. doi:10.1080/10570314.2018.1441431

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Davis, D. (2018, April 21). Life lessons: Valdosta uses character education to better student-athletes. Retrieved from http://www.valdostadailytimes.com/sports/local_sports/life-lessons-valdosta-uses-character-education-to-better-student-athletes/article_25dc0993-cf21-5e35-8ac8-c20d5e3e2bf3.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Delia, E.B., & Armstrong, C.G. (2015). #Sponsoring the #FrenchOpen: An examination of social media buzz and sentiment. Journal of Sport Management, 29 ,184199. doi:10.1123/JSM.2013-0257

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Del Valle, G. (2016, August 18). The “Final Five” answering fans’ questions on Twitter is the perfect chance to connect with your favorite gymnasts. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/articles/179310-the-final-five-answering-fans-questions-on-twitter-is-the-perfect-chance-to-connect-with-your

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • DeShazo, K. (2018, June 12). 2018 survey results: Social media use of student-athletes. Retrieved from http://www.fieldhousemedia.net/2018-survey-results-social-media-use-of-college-student-athletes/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dittmore, S.W. (2011). Interviews. In D.P.S. Andrew, P.M. Pedersen, & C.D. McEvoy. Research methods and design in sport management (pp. 91104). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • DiVeronica, J. (2017, September 6). Don’t let one bad tweet ruin an athlete’s future. Retrieved from https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/2017/09/06/cyberbullying-social-media-student-athletes-scholarships/464543001/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dixon, A.W., Martinez, J.M., & Martin, C.L.L. (2015). Employing social media as a marketing strategy in college sport: An examination of perceived effectiveness in accomplishing organizational objectives. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 12 ,97113.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eagleman, A.N. (2011). Stereotypes of race and nationality: A qualitative analysis of sport magazine coverage of MLB players. Journal of Sport Management, 25 ,156168. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.2.156

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Endres, K.L. (2004). Help-wanted female: Editor & Publisher frames a civil rights issue. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81 ,721. doi:10.1177/107769900408100102

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43 ,5158. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Frederick, E., Sanderson, J., & Schlereth, N. (2017). Kick these kids off the team and take away their scholarships: Facebook and perceptions of athlete activism at the University of Missouri. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 10 ,1734.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fry, D. (2018, April 17). UAF student athletes use social media to spread awareness on sexual assault. Retrieved from http://www.webcenter11.com/content/sports/UAF-Student-Athletes-use-Social-Media-to-spread-awareness-on-Sexual-Assault-480076793.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Geurin, A.N., & Burch, L.M. (2017). User-generated branding via social media: An examination of six running brands. Sport Management Review, 20 ,273284. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2004). Research methods for sport studies. New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Groves, R.M. (2017). Memorandum from student-athletes to schools: My social media posts regarding my coaches or my causes are protected speech—How the NLRB is restructuring rights of student-athletes in private institutions. Louisiana Law Review, 69 ,71103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gubrium, J.F., & Holstein, J.A. (2001). Handbook of interview research: Context and method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Hambrick, M.E., & Svensson, P.G. (2015). Gainline Africa: A case study of sport-for-development organizations and the role of organizational relationship building via social media. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8 ,233254. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2014-0087

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Han, P., Dodds, M., Mahoney, T., Schoepfer, K., & Lovich, J. (2015). Regulating student-athlete’s inappropriate social media usage. Case Studies in Sport Management, 4 ,713. doi:10.1123/cssm.2014-0020

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hardin, R., Cooper, C., & Huffman, L.T. (2013). Moving on up: NCAA Division I athletic directors’ career experiences. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 5 ,5578.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hipke, M., & Hachtmann, F. (2014). Game changer: A case study of social-media strategy in Big 10 athletic departments. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7 ,516532. doi:10.1123/IJSC.2014-0022

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hull, K. (2014). #Fight4UNCWSwimandDive: A case study of how college athletes used Twitter to help save their teams. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7 ,533552. doi:10.1123/IJSC.2014-0030

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hull, K., Lee, J., Zapalac, R., & Stilwell, M. (2017). H-Town takeover: Social media agenda setting and branding efforts at the University of Houston. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 10 ,162181.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hull, K., & Lewis, N.P. (2014). Why Twitter displaces broadcast sports media: A model. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7 , 1633. doi:10.1123/IJSC.2013-0093

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Karimipour, N. (2016). Suicide on the sidelines: Media portrayals of NFL players’ suicides from June 2000 to September 2012. Journal of Sports Media, 11 ,4980. doi:10.1353/jsm.2016.0006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kassing, J.W., & Sanderson, J. (2009). “You're the kind of guy we all want for a drinking buddy”: Expressions of parasocial interaction on Floydlandis.com. Western Journal of Communication, 73 ,182203.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kim, B., & Kim, Y. (2017). College students’ social media use and communication network heterogeneity: Implications for social capital and subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 73 ,620628. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.033

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kimes, M. (2015, June 11). Social media bans may violate college athletes’ First Amendment rights. Retrieved from http://espn.go.com/college-sports/story/_/id/13519145/florida-state-clemson-enact-possibly-unconstitutional-social-media-bans

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kuypers, J.A., & Cooper, S.D. (2005). A comparative framing analysis of embedded and behind-the-lines reporting on the 2003 Iraq War. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 6 , 110. doi:10.1080/17459430500262083

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laird, S. (2011, November 22). First football endzone hashtag touches down in Mississippi. Retrieved from https://mashable.com/2011/11/22/football-twitter-hashtag/#jSMLmacC0OqN

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laucella, P.C. (2009). Arthur Ashe, privacy, and media: An analysis of newspaper journalists’ coverage of Ashe’s AIDS announcement. International Journal of Sport Communication, 2 ,5680. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2.1.56

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leonard, D.J. (2013, February 25). Athletics programs Twitter jitters. Retrieved from http:www.chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/02/25/athletic-programs-twitter-jitters/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lewis, N., & Weaver, A.J. (2015). More than a game: Sports media framing effects on attitudes, intentions and enjoyment. Communication & Sport, 3 ,219242. doi:10.1177/2167479513508273

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lindlof, T.R., & Taylor, B.C. (2011). Sensemaking: Qualitative data analysis and interpretation. Qualitative Communication Research Methods, 3 ,241281.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McElroy, K. (2014). Basket case: Framing the intersection of “Linsanity” and blackness. Howard Journal of Communications, 25 ,431451. doi:10.1080/10646175.2014.955928

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meng, M.D., Stavros, C., & Westberg, K. (2015). Engaging fans through social media: Implications for team identification. Sport, Business, & Management, 5 ,199217. doi:10.1108/SBM-06-2013-0013

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merriam, S.B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

  • Miller, C. (2016, October 26). The NCAA should fear Nigel Hayes’ activism. Retrieved from http://www.statepress.com/article/2016/10/spsports-ncaa-fear-nigel-hayes

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moore, J., Hesson, A., & Jones, K. (2015). #NBCfail: Thematic analysis of media and public discourse surrounding editing of Russia’s Olympics gymnastics fall. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8, 160173. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2014-0081

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Murphy, K. (2018, September 13). UC settles lawsuit with volleyball player who said she was kicked off the team for ‘sexy’ photos. Retrieved from https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2018/09/13/uc-settles-athlete-who-says-she-dismissed-sexy-photos/1294160002/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Newman, T., Peck, J., & Wilhide, B. (2013). Social media in sport marketing. New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Nicholls Athletics hosts Inaugural Student-Athlete Institute of Leadership. (2018, April 26). Retrieved from http://www.dailycomet.com/sports/20180426/nicholls-athletics-hosts-inaugural-student-athlete-institute-of-leadership

  • O’Hallarn, B., Morehead, C.A., & Pribesh, S.L. (2016). Gaining S-T-E-A-M: A general athletic department social media strategy. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 9 ,3961.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • O’Hallarn, B., Shapiro, S.L., & Pegoraro, A. (2018). Hashmoney: Exploring Twitter hashtag use as a secondary ticket market price determinant. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 18 ,199219. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2018.091754

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Osterman, Z. (2015, February 26). College athletes on social media: ‘Your reputation is always on the line.’ Retrieved from https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2015/02/26/college-athletes-continue-face-social-media-perils/24054307/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Patton, M.Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

  • Popp, N., McEvoy, C., & Watanabe, N. (2017). Do college athletics marketers convert social media growth into ticket sales? International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 18 ,212227. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-05-2017-090

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reichart Smith, L., Smith, K., & Blazka, M. (2017). Follow me, what’s the harm? Considerations of catfishing and utilizing fake online personas on social media. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 27 ,3245. doi:10.1123/jlas.2016-0020

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roberts, C., & Emmons, B. (2016). Twitter in the press box: How a new technology affects game-day routines of print-focused sports journalists. International Journal of Sport Communication, 9 ,97115. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2015-0113

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rothman, E.F., Nagaswaran, A., Johnson, R.M., Adams, K.M., Scrivens, J., & Baughman, A. (2012). U.S. tabloid magazine coverage of a celebrity dating abuse incident: Rihanna and Chris Brown. Journal of Health Communication, 17 ,733744. PubMed ID: 22475328 doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.635778

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rubin, H.J., & Rubin, I.S. (1995). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Sallee, B. (2018, April 14). Look: Temple puts Twitter handles of players on football jerseys for spring game. Retrieved from https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/look-temple-puts-twitter-handles-of-players-on-football-jerseys-for-spring-game/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Samuels, D. (2017, March 22). Temple’s innovative practice props include a giant face cut-out of HC Geoff Collins. Retrieved from http://footballscoop.com/news/temples-innovative-practice-props-include-giant-face-cut-hc-geoff-collins/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J. (2010). Framing Tiger’s troubles: Comparing traditional and social media. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3 ,438453. doi:10.1123/ijsc.3.4.438

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J. (2011). To tweet or not to tweet: Exploring Division I athletic departments’ social-media policies. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4 ,492513. doi:10.1123/ijsc.4.4.492

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J. (2017). Sport as social media networking studies. In A.C. Billings (Ed.) Sport communication: Defining the field (pp. 281295). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J. (2018a). Think twice before you post: Issues student-athletes face on social media. New Directions for Student Services, 163 ,8192. doi:10.1002/ss.20272

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J. (2018b). Identity and speech in sport in the social media era. In M. McCann (Ed.). Handbook of American sports law (pp. 279296). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., & Browning, B. (2013). Training versus monitoring: A qualitative examination of athletic department practices regarding student-athletes and Twitter. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 14 ,105111. doi:10.1080/17459435.2013.835348

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., Browning, B., & Schmittel, A. (2015). Education on the digital terrain: A case study exploring college athletes’ perceptions of social-media training. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8(1), 103124. doi:10.1123/IJSC.2014-0063

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., Frederick, E., & Stocz, M. (2016). When athlete activism clashes with group values: Social identity threat management via social media. Mass Communication and Society, 19 ,301322. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1128549

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., Snyder, E., Hull, D., & Gramlich, K. (2015). Social media policies within NCAA member institutions: Evolving technology and its impact on policy. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 8 ,5073.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., & Truax, C. (2014). “I hate you man!”: Exploring maladaptive parasocial interaction expressions to college athletes via Twitter. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7 ,333351.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., Weathers, M., Grevious, A., Tehan, M., & Warren, S. (2016). A hero or sissy? Exploring media framing of NFL quarterbacks injury decisions. Communication and Sport, 4 ,322. doi:10.1177/2167479514536982

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanderson, J., & Yandle, C. (2015). Developing successful social media plans in sport organizations. Morgantown, WV: FiT Publishing.

  • Seate, A.A., Harwood, J., & Blecha, E. (2010). “He was framed!” Framing criminal behavior in sports news. Communication Research Reports, 27 ,343354. doi:10.1080/08824096.2010.518917

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Seip, J. (2015, April 4). Social media an issue for athletes, coaches. Retrieved from https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/apr/4/social-media-an-issue-for-athletes-coaches/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Seltzer, T., & Mitrook, M. (2009). The role of expert opinion in framing media coverage of the Heisman Trophy race. Journal of Sports Media, 4 ,129. doi:10.1353/jsm.0.0040

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, C. (2015, February 18). What do Rivals.com’s 6th grade profiles mean for the recruiting industry? Retrieved from https://usatodayhss.com/2015/rivals-com-is-now-officially-tracking-6th-grade-football-prospects

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, L.R., & Smith, K. (2012). Identity in Twitter’s hashtag culture: A sport-media-consumption case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5 ,539557. doi:10.1123/ijsc.5.4.539

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, M. (2017, January 16). How Clemson has nailed it on social media: On the ground during the CFP with the digital group everyone is talking about. Retrieved from http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2017/01/16/Colleges/Clemson-social.aspx

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Snyder, E.M., Hutchens, N.H., Jones, W.A., & Sun, J.C. (2015). Social media policies in intercollegiate athletics: The speech and privacy rights of student-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 9 ,5074. doi:10.1179/1935739715Z.00000000035

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stefanik-Sidener, K. (2013). Nature, nurture, or the fast-food hamburger: Media framing of diabetes in the New York Times from 2000–2010. Health Communication, 28 ,351358. PubMed ID: 22746222 doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.688187

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Teens, social media & technology. (2018, May 31). Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/

  • Thompson, A.J., Martin, A.J., Gee, S., & Geurin, A.N. (2017). Fans’ perceptions of professional tennis events’ social media presence: Interaction, insight, and brand anthropomorphism. Communication & Sport, 5 ,579603. doi:10.1177/2167479516650442

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vann, P., Woodford, D., & Bruns, A. (2015). Social media and niche sports: The netball ANZ championship and Commonwealth Games on Twitter. Media International Australia, 155 ,108119. doi:10.1177/1329878X1515500113

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wakefield, L.T., & Bennett, G. (2018). Sports fan experience: Electronic word-of-mouth in ephemeral social media. Sport Management Review, 21 ,147159. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wang, Y., & Zhou, S. (2015). How do sports organizations use social media to build relationships? A content analysis of NBA clubs’ Twitter use. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8 ,133148. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2014-0083

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, J., Chinn, S.J., & Suleiman, J. (2014). The value of Twitter for sports fans. Journal of Direct Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 16 ,3650. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2014.36

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yan, G., Pegoraro, A., & Watanabe, N. (2018). Student-athletes’ organization of activism at the University of Missouri: Resource mobilization on Twitter. Journal of Sport Management, 32 ,2437. doi:10.1123/jsm.2017-0031

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3404 620 6
Full Text Views 95 23 4
PDF Downloads 76 11 0