A Critical Analysis of Coaches’ Perceptions of Athletic Department Involvement in Team-Related Social Media Activism

in International Journal of Sport Communication

Click name to view affiliation

Natalie Bunch Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Search for other papers by Natalie Bunch in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1974-4897 *
,
Beth A. Cianfrone Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Search for other papers by Beth A. Cianfrone in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0536-6020
, and
Lauren Beasley Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Search for other papers by Lauren Beasley in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-2051
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2023-0135
Keywords:
racial justice; intercollegiate athletics; coaching
First Published Online:
06 Jun 2023
In Print:
Ahead of Print
Page Range:
1–14
Restricted access

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) coaches are among the most visible leaders on campuses. With recent calls for diversity efforts, coaches are faced with decisions regarding supporting or promoting their teams’ and athletes’ racial justice actions on team social media accounts. However, sport information staff often manage the team’s social media strategy and may not reflect the coaches’ goals. Framed by the theory of racialized organizations, we examined NCAA coaches’ attitudes toward their athletic department’s role in social media activism on their team pages. We surveyed 174 coaches across divisions and investigated differences based on coaches’ gender, race, and division. Findings suggest that coaches supported activism but were less confident in the role of the athletic department in posting about racial justice on team accounts. Interpreting results through the theory of racialized organizations, coaches, specifically White coaches, may view their college athletic departments as race-neutral organizations. There is opportunity for those managing team platforms to further promote social justice messaging to demonstrate organizational support.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

International Journal of Sport Communication

Cover International Journal of Sport Communication

  • Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., & Seguin, B. (2019). Social media in relationship marketing: The perspective of professional sport managers in the MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL. Communication & Sport, 7(1), 80–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479517740343

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Abeza, G., & Sanderson, J. (2022). Theory and social media in sport studies. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(4), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2022-0108

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Agyemang, K., & DeLorme, J. (2010). Examining the dearth of Black head coaches at the NCAA football bowl subdivision level: A critical race theory and social dominance theory analysis. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3(3), 35–52. https://csri-jiia.org/old/documents/publications/research_articles/2010/JIIA_2010_3_3_35-52%20Dearth%20of%20Black%20Coaches.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Agyemang, K., Singer, J.N., & DeLorme, J. (2010). An exploratory study of black male college athletes’ perceptions on race and athlete activism. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45(4), 419–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210374691

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Armstrong, C.G., Butryn, T.M., Andrews, V.L., & Masucci, M.A. (2018). Athlete activism and corporate social responsibility: Critical lessons from sport industry professionals. Sport Management Education Journal, 12(2), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2017-0032

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ash, E., & Cranmer, G.A. (2020). Transcontextual effects of racialized sports media framing students’ off the field perceptions of student-athletes. Communication & Sport, 8(3), 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519830621

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bakhtiari, K. (2022). Gen-Z demand racial justice, not just diversity, equity, and inclusion from brands. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kianbakhtiari/2022/06/05/gen-z-demand-racial-justice-not-just-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-from-brands/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bell, T.R., & Hartman, K.L. (2018). Stealing thunder through social media: The framing of Maria Sharapova’s drug suspension. International Journal of Sport Communication, 11(3), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0079

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bimper, A.Y., Jr., & Harrison, L., Jr. (2017). Are we committed to issues of race? Institutional integrity across intercollegiate athletics. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(6), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215616270

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Black, W., Ofoegbu, E., & Foster, S. (2022). #TheyareUnited and #TheyWantToPlay: A critical discourse analysis of college football player social media activism. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2021-0045

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blaszka, M., Cianfrone, B.A., & Walsh, P. (2018). An analysis of collegiate athletic departments’ social media practices, strategies, and challenges. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 12(4), 271–290.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Boatwright, B. (2013). Interview with Chris Yandle, assistant athletic director of communications, university of Miami athletics. International Journal of Sport Communication, 6(4), 388–390. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.4.388

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Briscoe, K.L., & Jones, V.A. (2022). “Whiteness here, whiteness everywhere”: How student affairs professionals experience whiteness at predominantly white institutions. Journal of College Student Development, 63(6), 661–676. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2022.0054

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brown, S., Brison, N., Bennett, G., & Brown, K. (2022). Do fans care about the activist athlete? A closer look at athlete activism effect on brand image. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2022-0101

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V., & Schäfer, D.B. (2012). Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of brand equity creation? Management Research Review, 35(9), 770–790. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211255948

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bunch, N., & Cianfrone, B.A. (2022). “Posting more than just a black square”: National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes’ perceptions of the athletic department’s role in social media, racial justice, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Communication & Sport, 10(6), 1023–1052. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F21674795221091814

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chang, R., & Little, T.D. (2018). Innovations for evaluation research: Multiform protocols, visual analog scaling, and the retrospective pretest–posttest design. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 41(2), 246–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278718759396

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chon, M.G., & Park, H. (2019). Social media activism in the digital age: Testing an integrative model of activism on contentious issues. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(1), 72–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019835896

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cloinger, D. (2020, September 9). Dawn Staley continues to use voice, platform in fight for racial justice. The Post and Courier. https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/carolina/dawn-staley-continues-to-use-voice-platform-in-fight-for-racial-justice/article_a7f8ee9e-e564-11ea-8102-475c8af06c21.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cooper, J. (2018). Strategic navigation: A comparative study of Black male scholar athletes’ experience at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) and Historically White University (HWU). International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 31(4), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2017.1379617

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cooper, J.N., Davis, T.J., & Dougherty, S. (2017). Not so black and white: A multi-divisional exploratory analysis of male student-athletes’ experiences at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0015

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cooper, J.N., Newton, A.C.I., Klein, M., & Jolly, S. (2020). A call for culturally responsive transformational leadership in college sport: An anti-ism approach for achieving true equity and inclusion. Frontiers in Sociology, 5, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00065

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Croft, C., Paulson, C., Stokowski, S., Berri, D., & Mondello, M. (2023). The player makes the coach: Exploring player development among Division I basketball coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(3), 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221146384

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cunningham, G.B., Dixon, M.A., Singer, J.N., Oshiro, K.F., Ahn, N.Y., & Weems, A. (2021). A site to resist and persist: Diversity, social justice, and the unique nature of sport. Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1578623

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Czekanski, W., & Barnhill, C. (2016). Recruiting the student-athlete: An examination of the college decision process. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 9(3), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2015.1122999

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dover, T., Major, B., & Kaiser, C. (2016). Members of high-status groups are threatened by pro-diversity organizational messages. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Endres, K.L. (2004). “Help-wanted female”: Editor & publisher frames a civil rights issue. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100102

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Feagin, J.R. (2013). The white racial frame: Centuries of racial framing and counter-framing (2nd ed.). Routledge.

  • Frederick, E., Sanderson, J., & Schlereth, N. (2017). Kick these kids off the team and take away their scholarships: Facebook and perceptions of athlete activism at the University of Missouri. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 10, 17–34. https://csri-jiia.org/kick-these-kids-off-the-team-and-take-away-their-scholarships-facebook-and-perceptions-of-athlete-activism-at-the-university-of-missouri/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gardner, A., Love, A., & Waller, S. (2023). How do elite sport organizations frame diversity and inclusion? A critical race analysis. Sport Management Review, 26(3), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2062975

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.

  • Goldsmith, A., Williams, D., Darvin, L., Stokowski, S., & Tutka, P. (2022). The perceptions of power among student-athletes to utilize boycotts for eliciting change within the NCAA: An exploratory study. The Journal of Sport, 9(1), 26–56.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gusa, D.L. (2010). White institutional presence: The impact of Whiteness on campus climate. Harvard Educational Review, 80(4), 464–490. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.80.4.p5j483825u110002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

  • Hawkins, B.J. (2010). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hextrum, K. (2020). Segregation, innocence, and protection: The institutional conditions that maintain whiteness in college sports. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 13(4), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huber, Z. (2021, September 27). Former Florida women’s basketball players detail abuse under Coach Newbauer. The Independent Florida Alligator. https://www.alligator.org/article/2021/09/former-florida-womens-basketball-players-detail-abuse-under-coach-newbauer

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jayakumar, U.M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. Journal of Higher Education, 87(4), 488–515. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2016.0022

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jennings, C. (2020, July 20). I noticed which coaches came out and said something. Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/college/2020/07/20/young-black-football-recruits-are-listening

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jensen, J.A., Ervin, S.M., & Dittmore, S.W. (2014). Exploring the factors affecting popularity in social media: A case study of Football Bowl Subdivision head coaches. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(2), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2014-0008

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Johnson, R.G., & Romney, M. (2018). Life in black and white: Racial framing by sports networks on Instagram. Journal of Sports Media, 13(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsm.2018.0006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jolly, S., Cooper, J.N., & Kluch, Y. (2021). Allyship as activism: Advancing social change in global sport through transformational allyship. European Journal for Sport and Society, 18(3), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2021.1941615

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Judson, K.M., Gorchels, L., & Aurand, T.W. (2006) Building a university brand from within: A comparison of coaches’ perspectives of internal branding. Journal of Marketing, 16(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1300/J050v16n01_05

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jung, M. (2015). Beneath the surface of white supremacy: Denaturalizing U.S. racisms past and present. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/684518

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kaiser, C.R., Dover, T.L., Small, P., Xia, G., Brady, L.M., & Major, B. (2022). Diversity initiatives and White Americans’ perceptions of racial victimhood. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(6), 968–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211030391

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Keaton, A.C.I., & Cooper, J.N. (2022). A racial reckoning in a racialized organization? Applying racialized organization theory to the NCAA institutional field. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 15, 189–218. https://csri-jiia.org/a-racial-reckoning-in-a-racialized-organization-applying-racialized-organization-theory-to-the-ncaa-institutional-field/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kim, J., Bloom, G.A., & Bennie, A. (2016). Intercollegiate coaches’ experiences and strategies for coaching first-year athletes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 8(4), 394–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1176068

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kluch, Y. (2020). “My Story Is My Activism!”:(Re-) Definitions of social justice activism among collegiate athlete activists. Communication & Sport, 8(4–5), 566–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519897288

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kluch, Y., Calow, E., Martin, E.M., Scheadler, T.R., Mac Intosh, A., & Jolly, S. (2022). Once you see it, you can’t unsee it? Racial justice activism and articulations of whiteness among white collegiate athlete activists. Sociology of Sport Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2021-0189

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kluch, Y., Wright-Mair, R., Swim, N., & Turick, R. (2023). “It’s like being on an island by yourself”: Diversity, equity, and inclusion administrators’ perceptions of barriers to diversity, equity, and inclusion work in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 37(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2021-0250

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lapchick, R. (2021). College sport racial and gender report card. University of Central Florida, Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport. https://43530132-36e9-4f52-811a-182c7a91933b.filesusr.com/ugd/8af738_3b5d1b6bdb10457ebe8d46cc5a2fcfd0.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lee, W., & Cunningham, G.B. (2019). Moving toward understanding social justice in sport organizations: A study of engagement in social justice advocacy in sport organizations. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 43(3), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723519832469

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lewis, N., & Weaver, A.J. (2015). More than a game: Sports media framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and enjoyment. Communication & Sport, 3(2), 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513508273

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mac Intosh, A.M., Martin, E.M., & Kluch, Y. (2020). To act or not to act? Student-athlete perceptions of social justice activism. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 51, Article 101766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101766

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magnusen, M.J., Kim, Y., Perrewé, P.L., & Ferris, G.R. (2014). A critical review and synthesis of student-athlete college choice factors: Recruiting effectiveness in NCAA sports. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(6), 1265–1286. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.6.1265

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martin, E., Kluch, Y., Mac Intosh, A., & Shelanda, K. (2022). Collegiate athletes engaging in activism: Perceptions of social justice causes and support from significant social agents. Sport Social Work Journal, 1(1), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.33043/SSWJ.1.1.163-182

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mastroleo, N.R., Marzell, M., Turrisi, R., & Borsari, B. (2012). Do coaches make a difference off the field? The examination of athletic coach influence on early college student drinking. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2011.562621

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Miles, K.B., Burch, L.M., Pedersen, Z., Williams, A.S., & Pedersen, P.M. (2020). Examining the use of social networking in the process of recruiting a content analysis of the usage of Facebook by NCAA Division I golf coaches. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 14(3), 229–251. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/examining-use-social-networking-process/docview/2519439617/se-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nalepa, J. (2019, March 13). Building trust within your team. Michigan State University College of Education. https://education.msu.edu/sport-coaching-leadership/uncategorized/building-trust-within-your-team/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Niven, D. 2021. Who says shut up and dribble? Race and the response to athletes’ political activism. Journal of African American Studies, 25(2), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-021-09534-6

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ofoegbu, E., & Ekpe, L. (2022). Walk it like you talk it: A critical discourse analysis of college athletics response to the murder of George Floyd. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 15, 168–188. https://csri-jiia.org/walk-it-like-you-talk-it-a-critical-discourse-analysis-of-college-athletics-response-to-the-murder-of-george-floyd/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ray, V. (2019). A theory of racialized organizations. American Sociological Review, 84(1), 26–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418822335

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rollins, C. (2018, April 6). Brandeis coach fired after allegations of racially biased harassment. Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/college/2018/04/06/brandeis-coach-fired-allegations-discrimination-racially-biased-harassment

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sanderson, J., Frederick, E., & Stocz, M. (2016). When athlete activism clashes with group values: Social identity threat management via social media. Mass Communication and Society, 19(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1128549

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sappington, R., Keum, B.T., & Hoffman, M.A. (2019). “Arrogant, ungrateful, anti-American degenerates”: Development and initial validation of the Attitudes Toward Athlete Activism Questionnaire (ATAAQ). Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 45(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101552

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Saxe, K., Beasley, L., & Abdulhussein, R. (2022). Team environments influence student-athlete mental health through mesolevel interactions: An ecological systems perspective. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 15, 558–584. http://csri-jiia.org/team-environments-influence-student-athlete-mental-health-through-mesolevel-interactions-an-ecological-systems-perspective/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schroeder, P.J. (2010). A model for assessing organizational culture in intercollegiate athletic departments. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 98–118. https://csri-jiia.org/old/documents/publications/research_articles/2010/JIIA_2010_3_6_98_118_ICA_culture_model.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Singer, J.N. (2005). Addressing epistemological racism in sport management research. Journal of Sport Management, 19(4), 464–479. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.4.464

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Singer, J.N., Harrison, C.K., & Bukstein, S. (2010). A critical race analysis of the hiring process for head coaches in NCAA college football. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(2), 270–296. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.3.2.270

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • SkullSparks [@SkullSparks]. (2022, March 4). Top 50 college football programs by followers on official TikTok accounts in March 2022. Please share updates. SkullSparks.com/analytics_FAQ [Thumbnail with picture attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/SkullSparks/status/1499828156131336198

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, A.B., Taylor, E.A., & Hardin, R. (2017). Career entry and experiences of female graduate assistants in collegiate athletics. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 10(1), 234–260. https://csri-jiia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/RA_2017_12.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Springer, D.L., Stokowski, S., & Zimmer, W. (2022). The coin model of privilege and critical allyship: Confronting social privilege through sport management education. Sport Management Education Journal, 16(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2020-0093

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., & Sack, A.L. (2005). Reconsidering the use of the term student-athlete in academic research. Journal of Sport Management, 19(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.2.103

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Steward, A.D., & Cunningham, G.B. (2015). Racial identity and its impact on job applicants. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0017

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Torres-Harding, S.R., Siers, B., & Olson, B.D. (2012). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Social Justice Scale (SJS). American Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1–2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9478-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Turick, R., & Bopp, T. (2016). A current analysis of Black head football coaches and offensive coordinators at the NCAA DI-FBS Level. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 9(2), 282–302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.2016-0012

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vega, B.E. (2022). Delegitimizing race: The role of color-evasive ideologies and HESA professionals. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity, 8(2), 41–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48697121

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wallace, L., Wilson, J., & Miloch, K. (2011). Sporting Facebook: A content analysis of NCAA organizational sport pages and Big 12 Conference athletic department pages. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4(4), 422–444. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.4.4.422

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Watanabe, N.M., Yan, G., & Soebbing, B.P. (2019). Market disruption as a regime for athlete activism: An economic analysis of college football player protests. Sport Management Review, 22(5), 600–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Williams, A.L. (2022). The Heritage strikes back: Athlete activism, black lives matter, and the iconic fifth wave of activism in the (W)NBA Bubble. Cultural Studies/Critical Methodologies, 22(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/15327086211049718

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, D. (2022, August 8). Longtime Oklahoma Sooners football assistant Cale Gundy resigns after reading aloud ‘shameful’ word off player’s iPad. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/34367434/long-oklahoma-sooners-football-assistant-cale-gundy-resigns-reading-aloud-shameful-word-player-ipad

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wood, E.A., Dittmore, S.W., Stokowski, S., & Li, B. (2019). Division I athletic director trends and perceptions of requisite professional skills. Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, 1(5), 102–122. https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2018.1.5.102-121

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, E., Hayes, M., Jinyan C., Riot, C., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2020). A social media analysis of the gendered representations of female and male athletes during the 2018 Commonwealth Games. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(4), 670–695. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0045

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yates, D. (2020, June 5). Kentucky football coach Mark Stoops joins UK players in Black Lives Matter March. Louisville-Courier Journal. https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/college/kentucky/2020/06/05/kentucky-football-coaches-players-participate-lexington-blm-march/3158427001/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zvosec, C.C., & Bass, J.R. (2022). What it means to “win” in small college athletics: Strategic contingency theory and alternative success. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 15(1), 52–75. https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v15i1.15196

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 566 566 151
Full Text Views 12 12 1
PDF Downloads 12 12 2