Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Muscle Quality in Preconditioned Older Women

in International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Click name to view affiliation

Paulo Sugihara Junior Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Paulo Sugihara Junior in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Alex S. Ribeiro University of Northern Paraná

Search for other papers by Alex S. Ribeiro in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Hellen C.G. Nabuco Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Hellen C.G. Nabuco in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Rodrigo R. Fernandes Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Rodrigo R. Fernandes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Crisieli M. Tomeleri Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Crisieli M. Tomeleri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Paolo M. Cunha Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Paolo M. Cunha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Danielle Venturini Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Danielle Venturini in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Décio S. Barbosa Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Décio S. Barbosa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Brad J. Schoenfeld CUNY Lehman College

Search for other papers by Brad J. Schoenfeld in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
, and
Edilson S. Cyrino Londrina State University

Search for other papers by Edilson S. Cyrino in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0253
Keywords:
aging; muscle mass; strength training
Corrected:
19 Jun 2020
In Print:
Volume 28: Issue 5
Page Range:
528–535
Restricted access

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whey protein (WP) supplementation on muscular strength, hypertrophy, and muscular quality in older women preconditioned to resistance training (RT). In a randomized, double-blind, and placebo (PLA)-controlled design, 31 older women (67.4 ± 4.0 years, 62.0 ± 6.9 kg, 155.9 ± 5.7 cm, and 25.5 ± 2.4 kg/m2) received either 35 g of WP (n = 15) or 35 g of PLA (n = 16) over a 12-week study period while performing an RT program three times a week. Dietary intake, one-repetition maximum test, and skeletal muscle mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed before and after the intervention period. Both groups showed significant (p < .05) improvements in skeletal muscle mass and total strength, and the WP group realized greater increases (p < .05) in these measures compared with PLA (skeletal muscle mass: WP = +4.8% vs. PLA = +2.3%; strength: WP = +8.7% vs. PLA = +4.9%). Muscular quality increased (p < .05) in both groups (WP = +2.9% vs. PLA = +1.5%) without statistical differences (p > .05) noted between conditions. We conclude that WP supplementation in combination with RT induces higher increases in both strength and hypertrophy in older women preconditioned to RT.

Sugihara Junior, Nabuco, Fernandes, Tomeleri, Cunha, and Cyrino are with Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil. Ribeiro is with the Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil. Venturini and Barbosa are with Clinical Analyses Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil. Schoenfeld is with the Exercise Science Dept., CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY.

Address author correspondence to Paulo Sugihara Junior at juniornutricao@hotmail.com.
  • Collapse
  • Expand

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

  • Ahtiainen, J.P., Pakarinen, A., Alen, M., Kraemer, W.J., & Hakkinen, K. (2003). Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(6), 555–563. PubMed ID: 12734759 doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0833-3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(3), 687–708. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brady, A.O., Straight, C.R., & Evans, E.M. (2014). Body composition, muscle capacity, and physical function in older adults: An integrated conceptual model. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 22(3), 441–452. PubMed ID: 23945551 doi:10.1123/JAPA.2013-0009

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Breen, L., & Phillips, S.M. (2011). Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: Interventions to counteract the ‘anabolic resistance’ of ageing. Nutrition & Metabolism, 8, 68. PubMed ID: 21975196 doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-68

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Burd, N.A., Tang, J.E., Moore, D.R., & Phillips, S.M. (2009). Exercise training and protein metabolism: Influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(5), 1692–1701. PubMed ID: 19036897 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.2008

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cermak, N.M., Res, P.T., de Groot, L.C., Saris, W.H., & van Loon, L.J. (2012). Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1454–1464. PubMed ID: 23134885 doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chodzko-Zajko, W.J., Proctor, D.N., Fiatarone Singh, M.A., Minson, C.T., Nigg, C.R., Salem, G.J., & Skinner, J.S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. PubMed ID: 19516148 doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Churchward-Venne, T.A., Burd, N.A., Mitchell, C.J., West, D.W., Philp, A., Marcotte, G.R., … Phillips, S.M. (2012). Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: Effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. The Journal of Physiology, 590(11), 2751–2765. PubMed ID: 22451437 doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228833

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Clark, B.C., & Manini, T.M. (2010). Functional consequences of sarcopenia and dynapenia in the elderly. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(3), 271–276. PubMed ID: 20154609 doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328337819e

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coffey, V.G., Zhong, Z., Shield, A., Canny, B.J., Chibalin, A.V., Zierath, J.R., & Hawley, J.A. (2006). Early signaling responses to divergent exercise stimuli in skeletal muscle from well-trained humans. FASEB Journal, 20(1), 190–192. PubMed ID: 16267123 doi:10.1096/fj.05-4809fje

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. PubMed ID: 19565683 doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

  • Dangin, M., Boirie, Y., Guillet, C., & Beaufrere, B. (2002). Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(10), 3228S–3233S. PubMed ID: 12368423 doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.3228S

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Deschenes, M.R., & Kraemer, W.J. (2002). Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 81(Suppl. 11), 3–16. doi:10.1097/00002060-200211001-00003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Devries, M.C., & Phillips, S.M. (2015). Supplemental protein in support of muscle mass and health: Advantage whey. Journal of Food Science, 80(Suppl. 1), A8–A15. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12802

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Finger, D., Goltz, F.R., Umpierre, D., Meyer, E., Rosa, L.H., & Schneider, C.D. (2015). Effects of protein supplementation in older adults undergoing resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45(2), 245–255. PubMed ID: 25355074 doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0269-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Flann, K.L., LaStayo, P.C., McClain, D.A., Hazel, M., & Lindstedt, S.L. (2011). Muscle damage and muscle remodeling: No pain, no gain? The Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(Pt. 4), 674–679. PubMed ID: 21270317 doi:10.1242/jeb.050112

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fragala, M.S., Kenny, A.M., & Kuchel, G.A. (2015). Muscle quality in aging: A multi-dimensional approach to muscle functioning with applications for treatment. Sports Medicine, 45(5), 641–658. PubMed ID: 25655372 doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0305-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Garber, C.E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M.R., Franklin, B.A., Lamonte, M.J., Lee, I.M., … American College of Sports Medicine. (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. PubMed ID: 21694556 doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gordon, P.M., Liu, D., Sartor, M.A., IglayReger, H.B., Pistilli, E.E., Gutmann, L., … Hoffman, E.P. (2012). Resistance exercise training influences skeletal muscle immune activation: A microarray analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(3), 443–453. PubMed ID: 22052873 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2011

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hughes, V.A., Frontera, W.R., Wood, M., Evans, W.J., Dallal, G.E., Roubenoff, R., & Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2001). Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: Influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(5), B209–B217. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.5.B209

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jager, R., Kerksick, C.M., Campbell, B.I., Cribb, P.J., Wells, S.D., Skwiat, T.M., … Antonio, J. (2017). International Society of Sports nutrition position stand: Protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 20. PubMed ID: 28642676 doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kim, J., Wang, Z., Heymsfield, S.B., Baumgartner, R.N., & Gallagher, D. (2002). Total-body skeletal muscle mass: Estimation by a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(2), 378–383. PubMed ID: 12145010 doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.2.378

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Malafarina, V., Uriz-Otano, F., Iniesta, R., & Gil-Guerrero, L. (2013). Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on muscle mass in treatment of sarcopenia in old age: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(1), 10–17. PubMed ID: 22980996 doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.08.001

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Manini, T.M., & Clark, B.C. (2012). Dynapenia and aging: An update. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 67(1), 28–40. PubMed ID: 21444359 doi:10.1093/gerona/glr010

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Miller, P.E., Alexander, D.D., & Perez, V. (2014). Effects of whey protein and resistance exercise on body composition: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 33(2), 163–175. PubMed ID: 24724774 doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.875365

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moore, D.R., Churchward-Venne, T.A., Witard, O., Breen, L., Burd, N.A., Tipton, K.D., & Phillips, S.M. (2015). Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70(1), 57–62. PubMed ID: 25056502 doi:10.1093/gerona/glu103

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Morton, R.W., Murphy, K.T., McKellar, S.R., Schoenfeld, B.J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., … Phillips, S.M. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(6):376–384. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Naclerio, F., & Larumbe-Zabala, E. (2016). Effects of whey protein alone or as part of a multi-ingredient formulation on strength, fat-free mass, or lean body mass in resistance-trained individuals: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(1), 125–137. PubMed ID: 26403469 doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0403-y

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pasiakos, S.M., McLellan, T.M., & Lieberman, H.R. (2015). The effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 111–131. PubMed ID: 25169440 doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0242-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pennings, B., Koopman, R., Beelen, M., Senden, J.M., Saris, W.H., & van Loon, L.J. (2011). Exercising before protein intake allows for greater use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for de novo muscle protein synthesis in both young and elderly men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(2), 322–331. PubMed ID: 21084649 doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29649

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, S.M. (2015). Nutritional supplements in support of resistance exercise to counter age-related sarcopenia. Advances in Nutrition, 6(4), 452–460. PubMed ID: 26178029 doi:10.3945/an.115.008367

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, S.M., Tang, J.E., & Moore, D.R. (2009). The role of milk- and soy-based protein in support of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein accretion in young and elderly persons. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 28(4), 343–354. PubMed ID: 20368372 doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10718096

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Ferrando, A.A., & Wolfe, R.R. (1999). Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. The American Journal of Physiology, 276(1 Pt. 1), E118–E124. PubMed ID: 9886957

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ribeiro, A.S., Avelar, A., Schoenfeld, B.J., Fleck, S.J., Souza, M.F., Padilha, C.S., & Cyrino, E.S. (2015). Analysis of the training load during a hypertrophy-type resistance training programme in men and women. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(4), 256–264. PubMed ID: 25068761 doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.940559

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ribeiro, A.S., Schoenfeld, B.J., Souza, M.F., Tomeleri, C.M., Venturini, D., Barbosa, D.S., & Cyrino, E.S. (2016). Traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems improve muscle quality and metabolic biomarkers in older women: A randomized crossover study. Experimental Gerontology, 79, 8–15. PubMed ID: 26972635 doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ribeiro, A.S., Tomeleri, C.M., Souza, M.F., Pina, F.L., Schoenfeld, B.J., Nascimento, M.A., … Cyrino, E.S. (2015). Effect of resistance training on C-reactive protein, blood glucose and lipid profile in older women with differing levels of RT experience. Age, 37(6), 109. PubMed ID: 26499819 doi:10.1007/s11357-015-9849-y

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Santos, L., Ribeiro, A.S., Schoenfeld, B.J., Nascimento, M.A., Tomeleri, C.M., Souza, M.F., … Cyrino, E.S. (2017). The improvement in walking speed induced by resistance training is associated with increased muscular strength but not skeletal muscle mass in older women. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(4), 488–494. PubMed ID: 28068193 doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1273394

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tang, J.E., Moore, D.R., Kujbida, G.W., Tarnopolsky, M.A., & Phillips, S.M. (2009). Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: Effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(3), 987–992. PubMed ID: 19589961 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tang, J.E., Perco, J.G., Moore, D.R., Wilkinson, S.B., & Phillips, S.M. (2008). Resistance training alters the response of fed state mixed muscle protein synthesis in young men. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 294(1), R172–R178. PubMed ID: 18032468 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00636.2007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomas, D.K., Quinn, M.A., Saunders, D.H., & Greig, C.A. (2016). Protein supplementation does not significantly augment the effects of resistance exercise training in older adults: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(10), 959.e1–959.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.07.002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomas, D.T., Erdman, K.A., & Burke, L.M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501–528. PubMed ID: 26920240 doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wall, B.T., Cermak, N.M., & van Loon, L.J. (2014). Dietary protein considerations to support active aging. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl. 2), 185–194. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0258-7

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Welle, S., & Thornton, C.A. (1998). High-protein meals do not enhance myofibrillar synthesis after resistance exercise in 62- to 75-yr-old men and women. The American Journal of Physiology, 274(4 Pt. 1), E677–E683. PubMed ID: 9575829

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, Y., Breen, L., Burd, N.A., Hector, A.J., Churchward-Venne, T.A., Josse, A.R., … Phillips, S.M. (2012). Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. The British Journal of Nutrition, 108(10), 1780–1788. PubMed ID: 22313809 doi:10.1017/S0007114511007422

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 8007 1592 177
Full Text Views 367 80 5
PDF Downloads 311 84 3