Whey Protein Supplementation Is Superior to Leucine-Matched Collagen Peptides to Increase Muscle Thickness During a 10-Week Resistance Training Program in Untrained Young Adults

in International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Click name to view affiliation

Jeferson L. JacintoCenter of Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by Jeferson L. Jacinto in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
João P. NunesMetabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by João P. Nunes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Stefan H.M. GorissenDepartment of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Stefan H.M. Gorissen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Danila M.G. CapelCenter of Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by Danila M.G. Capel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Andrea G. BernardesCenter of Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by Andrea G. Bernardes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Alex S. RibeiroCenter of Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by Alex S. Ribeiro in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Edilson S. CyrinoMetabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by Edilson S. Cyrino in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Stuart M. PhillipsDepartment of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Search for other papers by Stuart M. Phillips in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
, and
Andreo F. AguiarCenter of Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Search for other papers by Andreo F. Aguiar in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0265
Keywords:
branched-chain amino acids; essential amino acids; muscle strength; protein quality; resistance exercise
First Published Online:
17 Jan 2022
In Print:
Volume 32: Issue 3
Page Range:
133–143
Restricted access

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation of whey protein (WP) versus leucine-matched collagen peptides (CP) on muscle thickness MT and performance after a resistance training (RT) program in young adults. Twenty-two healthy untrained participants were randomly assigned to either a WP (n = 11) or leucine-matched CP (n = 11) group and then submitted to a supervised 10-week RT program (3 days/week). The groups were supplemented with an equivalent amount of WP (35 g, containing 3.0 g of leucine) and CP (35 g, containing 1.0 g of leucine and 2.0 g of free leucine) during the intervention period (after each workout and in the evening on nontraining days). MT of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii, isokinetic peak torque and mean power output of the elbow flexors, and peak power output of the lower body were assessed before and after the RT program. The WP group experienced a greater (interaction, p < .05) increase in the vastus lateralis (effect size, WP = 0.68 vs. CP = 0.38; % Δ, WP = 8.4 ± 2.5 vs. CP = 5.6 ± 2.6%) and biceps brachii muscle thickness (effect size, WP = 0.61 vs. CP = 0.35; % , WP = 10.1 ± 3.8 vs. CP = 6.0 ± 3.2%), with a similar increase in muscle performance (peak torque, mean power output, and peak power output) between groups (time p < .05). Supplementation with WP was superior to leucine content-matched CP supplementation in increasing muscle size, but not strength and power, after a 10-week RT program in young adults.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

  • Aguiar, A.F., Grala, A.P., da Silva, R.A., Soares-Caldeira, L.F., Pacagnelli, F.L., Ribeiro, A.S., da Silva, D.K., Andrade, W.B., & Balvedi, M.C.W. (2017). Free leucine supplementation during an 8-week resistance training program does not increase muscle mass and strength in untrained young adult subjects. Amino Acids, 49(7), 1255–1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-017-2427-0

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(3), 687–708. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Aristizabal, J.C., Freidenreich, D.J., Volk, B.M., Kupchak, B.R., Saenz, C., Maresh, C.M., Kraemer, W.J., & Volek, J.S. (2015). Effect of resistance training on resting metabolic rate and its estimation by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry metabolic map. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(7), 831–836. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.216

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Babault, N., Païzis, C., Deley, G., Guérin-Deremaux, L., Saniez, M.H., Lefranc-Millot, C., & Allaert, F.A. (2015). Pea proteins oral supplementation promotes muscle thickness gains during resistance training: A double-blind, randomized, Placebo-controlled clinical trial vs. whey protein. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-014-0064-5

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blomstrand, E., Eliasson, J., Karlsson, H.K., & Kohnke, R. (2006). Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(Suppl. 1), 269S–273S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.269S

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Candow, D., Burke, N., Smith-Palmer, T., & Burke, D. (2006). Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.3.233

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Churchward-Venne, T.A., Breen, L., Di Donato, D.M., Hector, A.J., Mitchell, C.J., Moore, D.R., Stellingwerff, T., Breuille, D., Offord, E.A., Baker, S.K., & Phillips, S.M. (2014). Leucine supplementation of a low-protein mixed macronutrient beverage enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis in young men: A double-blind, randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(2), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.068775

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Churchward-Venne, T.A., Burd, N.A., Mitchell, C.J., West, D.W., Philp, A., Marcotte, G.R., Baker, S.K., Baar, K., & Phillips, S.M. (2012). Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: Effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. The Journal of Physiology, 590(11), 2751–2765. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228833

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155

  • De Andrade, I., Gualano, B., Hevia-LarraÍn, V., Neves-Junior, J., Cajueiro, M., Jardim, F., Gome, R.L., Artioli, G.G., Phillips, S.M., Campos-Ferraz, P., & Roschel, H. (2020). Leucine supplementation has no further effect on training-induced muscle adaptations. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(8), 1809–1814. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002307

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Devries, M.C., McGlory, C., Bolster, D.R., Kamil, A., Rahn, M., Harkness, L., Baker, S.K., & Phillips, S.M. (2018a). Leucine, not total protein, content of a supplement is the primary determinant of muscle protein anabolic responses in healthy older women. The Journal of Nutrition, 148(7), 1088–1095. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy091

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Devries, M.C., McGlory, C., Bolster, D.R., Kamil, A., Rahn, M., Harkness, L., Baker, S.K., & Phillips, S.M. (2018b). Protein leucine content is a determinant of shorter- and longer-term muscle protein synthetic responses at rest and following resistance exercise in healthy older women: A randomized, controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 107(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqx028

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Estoche, J.M., Jacinto, J.L., Roveratti, M.C., Gabardo, J.M., Buzzachera, C.F., de Oliveira, E.P., Ribeiro, A.S., da Silva, R.A., & Aguiar, A.F. (2019). Branched-chain amino acids do not improve muscle recovery from resistance exercise in untrained young adults. Amino Acids, 51(9), 1387–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02776-5

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gorissen, S.H., Horstman, A.M., Franssen, R., Crombag, J.J., Langer, H., Bierau, J., Respondek, F., & van Loon, L.J. (2016). Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(9), 1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.231340

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hartman, J.W., Tang, J.E., Wilkinson, S.B., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Lawrence, R.L., Fullerton, A.V., & Phillips, S.M. (2007). Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(2), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.2.373

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hulmi, J.J., Lockwood, C.M., & Stout, J.R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & Metabolism, 7, Article 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jackman, S.R., Witard, O.C., Philp, A., Wallis, G.A., Baar, K., & Tipton, K.D. (2017). Branched-chain amino acid ingestion stimulates muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis following resistance exercise in humans. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, Article 390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00390

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jäger, R., Kerksick, C.M., Campbell, B.I., Cribb, P.J., Wells, S.D., Skwiat, T.M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Ferrando, A.A., Arent, S.M., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R., Arciero, P.J., Ormsbee, M.J., Taylor, L.W., Wilborn, C.D., Kalman, D.S., Kreider, R.B., Willoughby, D.S., . . . Antonio, J. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Protein and exercise. 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jendricke, P., Centner, C., Zdzieblik, D., Gollhofer, A., & Konig, D. (2019). Specific collagen peptides in combination with resistance training improve body composition and regional muscle strength in premenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 11(4), 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040892

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Joy, J.M., Lowery, R.P., Wilson, J.M., Purpura, M., De Souza, E.O., Wilson, S.M., Kalman, D.S., Dudeck, J.E., & Jäger, R. (2013). The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutrition Journal, 12, Article 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-86

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Karlsson, H.K., Nilsson, P.A., Nilsson, J., Chibalin, A.V., Zierath, J.R., & Blomstrand, E. (2004). Branched-chain amino acids increase p70S6k phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, 287(1), E1–E7. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00430.2003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kirmse, M., Oertzen-Hagemann, V., de Marees, M., Bloch, W., & Platen, P. (2019). Prolonged collagen peptide supplementation and resistance exercise training affects body composition in recreationally active men. Nutrients, 11(5), Article 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051154

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, M., & Liu, F. (2019). Effect of whey protein supplementation during resistance training sessions on body mass and muscular strength: A meta-analysis. Food & Function, 10(5), 2766–2773. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo00182d

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lynch, H.M., Buman, M.P., Dickinson, J.M., Ransdell, L.B., Johnston, C.S., & Wharton, C.M. (2020). No significant differences in muscle growth and strength development when consuming soy and whey protein supplements matched for leucine following a 12 week resistance training program in men and women: A randomized trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), Article 3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113871

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Messina, M., Lynch, H., Dickinson, J.M., & Reed, K.E. (2018). No difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(6), 674–685. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0071

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mobley, C.B., Haun, C.T., Roberson, P.A., Mumford, P.W., Romero, M.A., Kephart, W.C., Anderson, R.G., Vann, C.F., Osburn, S.C., Pledge, C.D., Martin, J.S., Young, K.C., Goodlett, M.D., Pascoe, D.D., Lockwood, C.M., & Roberts, M.D. (2017). Effects of whey, soy or leucine supplementation with 12 weeks of resistance training on strength, body composition, and skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histological attributes in college-aged males. Nutrients, 9(9), Article 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090972

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moore, D.R., Churchward-Venne, T.A., Witard, O., Breen, L., Burd, N.A., Tipton, K.D., & Phillips, S.M. (2015). Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu103

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moore, D.R., Robinson, M.J., Fry, J.L., Tang, J.E., Glover, E.I., Wilkinson, S.B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M.A., & Phillips, S.M. (2009). Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(1), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Morton, R.W., Colenso-Semple, L., & Phillips, S.M. (2019). Training for strength and hypertrophy: An evidence-based approach. Current Opinion in Physiology, 10, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Morton, R.W., Murphy, K.T., McKellar, S.R., Schoenfeld, B.J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A.A., Devries, M.C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J.W., & Phillips, S.M. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(6), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oertzen-Hagemann, V., Kirmse, M., Eggers, B., Pfeiffer, K., Marcus, K., de Marees, M., & Platen, P. (2019). Effects of 12 weeks of hypertrophy resistance exercise training combined with collagen peptide supplementation on the skeletal muscle proteome in recreationally active men. Nutrients, 11(5), Article 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051072

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oikawa, S.Y., Kamal, M.J., Webb, E.K., McGlory, C., Baker, S.K., & Phillips, S.M. (2020). Whey protein but not collagen peptides stimulate acute and longer-term muscle protein synthesis with and without resistance exercise in healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111(3), 708–718. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz332

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oikawa, S.Y., McGlory, C., D’Souza, L.K., Morgan, A.K., Saddler, N.I., Baker, S.K., Parise, G., & Phillips, S.M. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of the impact of protein supplementation on leg lean mass and integrated muscle protein synthesis during inactivity and energy restriction in older persons. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 108(5), 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy193

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pasiakos, S.M., McLellan, T.M., & Lieberman, H.R. (2015). The effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0242-2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, S.M. (2017). Current concepts and unresolved questions in dietary protein requirements and supplements in adults. Frontiers in Nutrition, 4, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00013

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, S.M., Paddon-Jones, D., & Layman, D.K. (2020). Optimizing adult protein intake during catabolic health conditions. Advances in Nutrition, 11(4), S1058–S1069. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa047

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., van Loon, L.J., Verdijk, L.B., Paddon-Jones, D., & Close, G.L. (2016). Exceptional body composition changes attributed to collagen peptide supplementation and resistance training in older sarcopenic men. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(3), 569–570. https://doi.org/10.1017/s000711451600221x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pinckaers, P.J.M., Kouw, I.W.K., Hendriks, F.K., van Kranenburg, J.M.X., de Groot, L., Verdijk, L.B., Snijders, T & van Loon, L.J.C. (2021). No differences in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of wheat protein, milk protein, and their protein blend in healthy, young males. British Journal of Nutrition, 126(12), 1832–1842. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114521000635

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reeve, T.C., & Tyler, C.J. (2013). The validity of the SmartJump contact mat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(6), 1597–1601. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318269f7f1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reeves, N.D., Maganaris, C.N., & Narici, M.V. (2004). Ultrasonographic assessment of human skeletal muscle size. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(1), 116–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0961-9

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ribeiro, A.S., Avelar, A., Schoenfeld, B.J., Fleck, S.J., Souza, M.F., Padilha, C.S., & Cyrino, E.S. (2015). Analysis of the training load during a hypertrophy-type resistance training programme in men and women. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(4), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.940559

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rindom, E., Nielsen, M.H., Kececi, K., Jensen, M.E., Vissing, K., & Farup, J. (2016). Effect of protein quality on recovery after intense resistance training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(11–12), 2225–2236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3477-9

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schoenfeld, B.J., Peterson, M.D., Ogborn, D., Contreras, B., & Sonmez, G.T. (2015). Effects of low- vs. high-load resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy in well-trained men. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2954–2963. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000958

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sharp, M.H., Lowery, R.P., Shields, K.A., Lane, J.R., Gray, J.L., Partl, J.M., Hayes, D.W., Wilson, G.J., Hollmer, C.A., Minivich, J.R. & Wilson, J.M. (2018). The effects of beef, chicken, or whey protein after workout on body composition and muscle performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(8), 2233–2242. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001936

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shimomura, Y., Inaguma, A., Watanabe, S., Yamamoto, Y., Muramatsu, Y., Bajotto, G., Sato, J., Shimomura, N., Kobayashi, H., & Mawatari, K. (2010). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation before squat exercise and delayed-onset muscle soreness. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20(3), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.236

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shimomura, Y., & Kitaura, Y. (2018). Physiological and pathological roles of branched-chain amino acids in the regulation of protein and energy metabolism and neurological functions. Pharmacological Research, 133, 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.014

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tang, J.E., Moore, D.R., Kujbida, G.W., Tarnopolsky, M.A., & Phillips, S.M. (2009). Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: Effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(3), 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Taylor, L.W., Wilborn, C., Roberts, M.D., White, A., & Dugan, K. (2016). Eight weeks of pre- and postexercise whey protein supplementation increases lean body mass and improves performance in Division III collegiate female basketball players. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 41(3), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0463

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomas, D.T., Erdman, K.A., & Burke, L.M. (2016). American college of sports medicine joint position statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Volek, J.S., Volk, B.M., Gómez, A.L., Kunces, L.J., Kupchak, B.R., Freidenreich, D.J., Aristizabal, J.C., Saenz, C., Dunn-Lewis, C., Ballard, K.D., Quann, E.E., Kawiecki, D.L., Flanagan, S.D., Comstock, B.A., Fragala, M.S., Earp, J.E., Fernandez, M.L., Bruno, R.S., Ptolemy, A.S., & Kraemer, W.J. (2013). Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 32(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2013.793580

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Waldron, M., Whelan, K., Jeffries, O., Burt, D., Howe, L., & Patterson, S.D. (2017). The effects of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery from a single bout of hypertrophy exercise in resistance-trained athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 42(6), 630–636. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0569

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, X., & Proud, C.G. (2006). The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis. Physiology, 21, 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00024.2006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilkinson, D.J., Hossain, T., Hill, D.S., Phillips, B.E., Crossland, H., Williams, J., Loughna, P., Churchward-Venne, T.A., Breen, L., Phillips, S.M., Etheridge, T., Rathmacher, J.A., Smith, K., Szewczyk, N.J., & Atherton, P.J. (2013). Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology, 591(11), 2911–2923. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilkinson, S.B., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Macdonald, M.J., Macdonald, J.R., Armstrong, D., & Phillips, S.M. (2007). Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(4), 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Witard, O.C., Jackman, S.R., Breen, L., Smith, K., Selby, A., & Tipton, K.D. (2014). Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.055517

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zdzieblik, D., Oesser, S., Baumstark, M.W., Gollhofer, A., & Konig, D. (2015). Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(8), 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515002810

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3997 3995 276
Full Text Views 1349 1330 31
PDF Downloads 1023 1008 52