This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine ingestion by chewing gum (GUM_CAF) combined with priming exercise on pulmonary oxygen uptake (${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$) and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen extraction (HHb + Mb) kinetics during cycling performed in a severe-intensity domain. Fifteen trained cyclists completed four visits: two under a placebo gum (GUM_PLA) and two under GUM_CAF ingestion. Each visit consisted of two square-wave cycling bouts at Δ70 intensity (70% of difference between the ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ at first ventilatory threshold and ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2\text{max}$) with duration of 6 min each and 5 min of passive rest between the bouts. The GUM_PLA or GUM_CAF (400 mg) was chewed for 5 min, 12 min before the first Δ70 bout in a randomized double-blind procedure. The fundamental phase and slow component of HHb + Mb and ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ kinetics were evaluated. For HHb + Mb kinetics, regardless of ingested gum, priming exercise effects occurred on the time constant (GUM_CAF 16.0 ± 4.0 vs. 13.9 ± 2.9 s; GUM_PLA 15.7 ± 6.1 vs. 13.2 ± 2.5 s), amplitude, slow component, time delay, and mean response time parameters (p ≤ .032). For ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ kinetics, there were significant effects of bouts on the amplitude, slow component, end ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$, and the gain kinetics parameters (p < .017). Baseline ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ was higher during GUM_CAF than GUM_PLA (p = .020). No significant effects occurred for the interaction between gum and bout in any parameter of ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ or HHb + Mb kinetics. Therefore, unlike the priming exercise in severe-intensity exercise, GUM_CAF is not an effective strategy for improving ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ or HHb + Mb kinetics acceleration.