Measurement of Skier-Generated Forces during Roller-Ski Skating
in Journal of Applied BiomechanicsClick name to view affiliation
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This paper describes a system that was developed to measure ski pole and roller-ski reaction forces in three dimensions during roller-ski skating. Uni-axial force transducers mounted in the right and left ski poles measure axial loading of the poles. Six transducers in one roller-ski measure biaxial loads beneath the foot. A remote computer stores the amplified transducer signals transmitted from the skier through 100 m cables. Three-dimensional video-graphy determines the orientations of the poles and roller-ski in order to resolve the resultant poling and skating forces into three components. Calibration data suggest that the resolution of the force measurement system is ±3 to 9% of the actual poling and skating forces, respectively. Sample data are presented from a VI skating trial during roller-skiing. These data provide the first glimpse at the major functions of the upper and lower body during roller-ski skating and show how the tool could be used to examine the size and effectiveness of skier-generated forces.
Glenn M. Street is with the Human Performance Laboratory, HaH S102, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301. At the time of the study he was with the Biomechan-ics Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. E.C. Frederick is with Exeter Research, Inc., 8 Chestnut St., Exeter, NH 03833.
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