Masters Athletes: Exemplars of Successful Aging?

in Journal of Aging and Physical Activity
David Geard, Peter R.J. Reaburn, Amanda L. Rebar, and Rylee A. Dionigi
View More View Less
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0050
Keywords:
successful aging; masters athlete; masters sport; older adult
In Print:
Volume 25: Issue 3
Pages:
490–500
Restricted access

Purchase article

USD  $24.95

Student 1 year online subscription

USD  $77.00

1 year online subscription

USD  $103.00

Student 2 year online subscription

USD  $147.00

2 year online subscription

USD  $196.00
Subscribe to this Journal

  • Purchase article

    USD  $24.95

  • Student 1 year online subscription

    USD  $77.00

  • 1 year online subscription

    USD  $103.00

  • Student 2 year online subscription

    USD  $147.00

  • 2 year online subscription

    USD  $196.00

Global population aging has raised academic interest in successful aging to a public policy priority. Currently there is no consensus regarding the definition of successful aging. However, a synthesis of research shows successful aging can be defined as a late-life process of change characterized by high physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning. Masters athletes systematically train for, and compete in, organized forms of team and individual sport specifically designed for older adults. Masters athletes are often proposed as exemplars of successful aging. However, their aging status has never been examined using a comprehensive multidimensional successful aging definition. Here, we examine the successful aging literature, propose a successful aging definition based on this literature, present evidence which suggests masters athletes could be considered exemplars of successful aging according to the proposed definition, and list future experimental research directions.

Geard is with the School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Reaburn is with Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Rebar is with the School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Dionigi is with the School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.

Address author correspondence to David Geard at dgeard@cqu.edu.au

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

Cover Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

  • Akkari, A., Machin, D., & Tanaka, H. (2015). Greater progression of athletic performance in older masters athletes. Age and Ageing, 44(4), 683–686. PubMed doi:10.1093/ageing/afv023

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Albinet, C.T., Boucard, G., Bouquet, C.A., & Audiffren, M. (2010). Increased heart rate variability and executive performance after aerobic training in the elderly. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(4), 617–624. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1393-y

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Asztalos, M., Wijndaele, K., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Philippaerts, R., Matton, L., Duvigneaud, N., … Cardon, G. (2009). Specific associations between types of physical activity and components of mental health. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(4), 468–474. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.009.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baker, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., Dionigi, R.A., & Horton, S. (2010). Sport participation and positive development in older persons. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 7(1), 3–12. doi:10.1007/s11556-009-0054-9

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baker, J., Meisner, B.A., Logan, A.J., Kungl, A.-M., & Weir, P. (2009). Physical activity and successful aging in Canadian older adults. The Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 17(2), 223–235. PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baker, P.D., Bambrough, J., Fox, J.R.E., & Kyle, S.D. (2015). Health-related quality of life and psychological functioning in patients with primary malignant brain tumors: a systematic review of clinical, demographic and mental health factors. Neuro-Oncology Practice. 3(4), 211–221. doi:10.1093/nop/npv042

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baltes, M., & Carstensen, L. (1996). The process of successful ageing. Ageing and Society, 16(4), 397–422. doi:10.1017/S0144686X00003603

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bertera, E.M. (2003). Physical activity and social network contacts in community dwelling older adults. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 27(3–4), 113–127. doi:10.1300/J016v27n03_08

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bherer, L., Erickson, K.I., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2013, 657508. PubMed doi:10.1155/2013/657508

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bjornebekk, A., Mathé, A.A., & Brené, S. (2005). The antidepressant effect of running is associated with increased hippocampal cell proliferation. The International Journal of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 8(3), 357–368. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1461145705005122

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Borges, N., Reaburn, P., Driller, M., & Argus, C. (2016). Age-related changes in performance and recovery kinetics in masters athletes: a narrative review. The Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(1), 149–157. PubMed doi:10.1123/japa.2015-0021

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bourassa, K.J., Memel, M., Woolverton, C., & Sbarra, D.A. (2015). Social participation predicts cognitive functioning in aging adults over time: comparisons with physical health, depression, and physical activity. Aging and mental health, 21(2), 133–146. PubMed doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1081152

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bowling, A. (2007). Aspirations for older age in the 21st century: what is successful aging? The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64(3), 263–297. PubMed doi:10.2190/L0K1-87W4-9R01-7127

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bridle, C., Spanjers, K., Patel, S., Atherton, N.M., & Lamb, S.E. (2012). Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201(3), 180–185. PubMed doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.095174

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Burzynska, A., Wong, C., Chaddock-Heyman, L., Olson, E., Gothe, N., Knecht, A., … Kramer, A. (2015). White matter integrity, hippocampal volume, and cognitive performance of a world-famous nonagenarian track-and-field athlete. Neurocase, 22(2), 135–144. PubMed doi:10.1080/13554794.2015.1074709

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cacioppo, J.T., Fowler, J.H., & Christakis, N.A. (2009). Alone in the crowd: the structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 977–991. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0016076

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cacioppo, J.T., & Hawkley, L.C. (2003). Social isolation and health, with an emphasis on underlying mechanisms. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46(3), 39–52. PubMed doi:10.1353/pbm.2003.0049

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cacioppo, J.T., & Hawkley, L.C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447–454. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carstensen, L.L., Isaacowitz, D.M., & Charles, S.T. (1999). Taking time seriously: a theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181. PubMed doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cheng, S.T. (2014). Defining successful aging: the need to distinguish pathways from outcomes. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(4), 527–531. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1041610213001713.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cho, J., Martin, P., & Poon, L.W. (2015). Successful aging and subjective well-being among oldest-old adults. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 132–143. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/gnu074.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., & Vaupel, J.W. (2009). Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. The Lancet, 374(9696), 1196–1208. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cooper, L.W., Powell, A.P., & Rasch, J. (2007). Master’s swimming: an example of successful aging in competitive sport. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(6), 392–396. PubMed doi:10.1007/s11932-007-0058-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cosco, T.D., & Kuh, D. (2016). The healthy and successful aging of our discipline. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(2), 455–456. PubMed doi:10.1111/jgs.13962

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cosco, T.D., Prina, A.M., Perales, J., Stephan, B.C., & Brayne, C. (2013). Lay perspectives of successful ageing: a systematic review and meta-ethnography. BMJ Open, 3(6), 1–9. PubMed doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002710

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cosco, T.D., Prina, A.M., Perales, J., Stephan, B.C., & Brayne, C. (2014a). Operational definitions of successful aging: a systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(3), 373–381. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1041610213002287

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cosco, T.D., Prina, A.M., Perales, J., Stephan, B.C., & Brayne, C. (2014b). Whose “successful ageing”?: lay- and researcher-driven conceptualisations of ageing well. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 28(2), 124–130. Retrieved from http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php/script_sci_serial/lng_en/pid_0213-6163/nrm_iso doi:10.4321/S0213-61632014000200006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Daffner, K.R. (2010). Promoting successful cognitive aging: a comprehensive review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 19(4), 1101–1122. PubMed doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-1306

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DeBeliso, M., Climstein, M., Adams, K., Walsh, J., Heazlewood, I., Kettunen, J., & Burke, S. (2011). North American medical and health history survey of 2009 Sydney World Masters Games participants. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14, e79–e80. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.164

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • De Mello, M.T., Lemos, V.D.A., Antunes, H.K.M., Bittencourt, L., Santos-Silva, R., & Tufik, S. (2013). Relationship between physical activity and depression and anxiety symptoms: a population study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1-3), 241–246. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.035

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Depp, C.A., & Jeste, D.V. (2006). Definitions and predictors of successful aging: a comprehensive review of larger quantitative studies. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(1), 6–20. PubMed doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000192501.03069.bc

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dionigi, R.A. (2002). Leisure and identity management in later life: understanding competitive sport participation among older adults. World Leisure Journal, 44(3), 4–15. doi:10.1080/04419057.2002.9674274

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dionigi, R.A. (2015). Stereotypes of aging: their effects on the health of older adults. Journal of Geriatrics, 2015, 1–9. doi:10.1155/2015/954027

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dionigi, R.A. (2016). The competitive older athlete: a review of psychosocial and sociological issues. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 32(1), 55–62. doi:10.1097/TGR.0000000000000091

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dionigi, R.A., Baker, J., & Horton, S. (2011). Older athletes’ perceived benefits of competition. The International Journal of Sport and Society, 2(2), 17–28.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Doyle, Y.G., Mc Kee, M., & Sherriff, M. (2012). A model of successful ageing in british populations. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(1), 71–76. PubMed doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq132

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eime, R., Young, J., Harvey, J., Charity, M., & Payne, W. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(135) 1–14. PubMed doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-13

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Faulkner, J.A., Davis, C.S., Mendias, C.L., & Brooks, S.V. (2008). The aging of elite male athletes: age-related changes in performance and skeletal muscle structure and function. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(6), 501–507. PubMed doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181845f1c

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ferraro, K.F. (2007). Is gerontology interdisciplinary? The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(1), S3–S6. Retrieved from http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fritsch, T., McClendon, M.J., Smyth, K.A., Lerner, A.J., Friedland, R.P., & Larsen, J.D. (2007). Cognitive functioning in healthy aging: the role of reserve and lifestyle factors early in life. The Gerontologist, 47(3), 307–322. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/47.3.307

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Glass, T. (2003). Assessing the success of successful aging. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(5_Part_1), 382–383. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_Part_1-200309020-00015

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., & Steptoe, A. (2009). Dose-response relationship between physical activity and mental health: the Scottish health survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(14), 1111–1114. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046243

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hanson, B.S., & Isacsson, S.O. (1992). Social network, social support and regular leisure-time physical activity in elderly men. The European Journal of Public Health, 2(1), 16–23. doi:10.1093/eurpub/2.1.16

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Havighurst, R.J. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 1, 8–13. doi:10.1093/geront/1.1.8

  • Hawkins, S.A., Wiswell, R.A., & Marcell, T.J. (2003). Exercise and the master athlete—a model of successful aging? The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(11), 1009–1011. PubMed doi:10.1093/gerona/58.11.M1009

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. PubMed doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hawkley, L.C., Thisted, R.A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2009). Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses. Health Psychology, 28(3), 354–363. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0014400

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Heesch, K.C., Burton, N.W., & Brown, W.J. (2011). Concurrent and prospective associations between physical activity, walking and mental health in older women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65(9), 807–813. PubMed doi:10.1136/jech.2009.103077

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hoogenboom, B.J., McDaniel, J., & Krikke, A. (2016). Nutritional and performance considerations in the master athlete. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 32(1), 18–23. doi:10.1097/TGR.0000000000000094

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hooyman, N.R., & Kiyak, H.A. (2011). Social gerontology: a multidisciplinary perspective (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

  • Katz, S., & Calasanti, T. (2015). Critical perspectives on successful aging: does it “appeal more than it illuminates”? The Gerontologist, 55(1), 26–33. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/gnu027

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knaepen, K., Goekint, M., Heyman, E.M., & Meeusen, R. (2010). Neuroplasticity—exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Sports Medicine, 40(9), 765–801. PubMed doi:10.2165/11534530-000000000-00000

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kritz-Silverstein, D., Barrett-Connor, E., & Corbeau, C. (2001). Cross-sectional and prospective study of exercise and depressed mood in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(6), 596–603. PubMed doi:10.1093/aje/153.6.596

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Landolfi, E. (2013). Exercise addiction. Sports Medicine, 43(2), 111–119. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0013-x

  • Lazarus, N.R., & Harridge, S.D.R. (2007). Inherent ageing in humans: the case for studying master athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 17(5), 461–463. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00726.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lepers, R., & Cattagni, T. (2012). Do older athletes reach limits in their performance during marathon running? AGE, 34(3), 773–781. PubMed doi:10.1007/s11357-011-9271-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leyk, D., Rüther, T., Wunderlich, M., Sievert, A., Eßfeld, D., Witzki, A., … Löllgen, H. (2010). Physical performance in middle age and old age: good news for our sedentary and aging society. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 107(46), 809–816. PubMed doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0809

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, C.I., Lin, C.H., Lin, W.Y., Liu, C.S., Chang, C.K., Meng, N.H., … Lin, C.C. (2014). Successful aging defined by health-related quality of life and its determinants in community-dwelling elders. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1013–1020. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1013

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liffiton, J., Horton, S., Baker, J., & Weir, P. (2012). Successful aging: how does physical activity influence engagement with life? European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 9(2), 103–108. doi:10.1007/s11556-012-0098-0

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lin, P.S., Hsieh, C.C., Cheng, H.S., Tseng, T.J., & Su, S.C. (2016). Association between physical fitness and successful aging in taiwanese older adults. PloS One, 11(3), 1–12. PubMed doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150389

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lindwall, M., Cimino, C.R., Gibbons, L.E., Mitchell, M.B., Benitez, A., Brown, C.L., … Robitaille, A. (2012). Dynamic associations of change in physical activity and change in cognitive function: coordinated analyses of four longitudinal studies. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 1–12. PubMed doi:10.1155/2012/493598

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lista, I., & Sorrentino, G. (2010). Biological mechanisms of physical activity in preventing cognitive decline. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 30(4), 493–503. PubMed doi:10.1007/s10571-009-9488-x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Litwin, H. (2003). Social predictors of physical activity in later life: the contribution of social-network type. The Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 11(3), 389–406. doi:10.1123/japa.11.3.389

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lopez-Otin, C., Blasco, M.A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. (2013). The hallmarks of aging. Cell, 153(6), 1194–1217. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Louis, J., Nosaka, K., & Brisswalter, J. (2012). The endurance master athlete, a model of successful ageing. Science and Sports, 27(2), 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2011.08.003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lyons, K., & Dionigi, R. (2007). Transcending emotional community: a qualitative examination of older adults and masters’ sports participation. Leisure Sciences, 29(4), 375–389. doi:10.1080/01490400701394881

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martin, D.J., & Gillen, L.L. (2014). Revisiting gerontology’s scrapbook: from Metchnikoff to the spectrum model of aging. The Gerontologist, 54(1), 51–58. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/gnt073

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martinson, M., & Berridge, C. (2015). Successful aging and its discontents: a systematic review of the social gerontology literature. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 58–69. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/gnu037

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Masi, C.M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266. PubMed doi:10.1177/1088868310377394

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mata, J., Thompson, R.J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2010). BDNF genotype moderates the relation between physical activity and depressive symptoms. Health Psychology, 29(2), 130–133. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0017261

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McKean, K.A., Manson, N.A., & Stanish, W.D. (2006). Musculoskeletal injury in the masters runners. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 16(2), 149–154. PubMed doi:10.1097/00042752-200603000-00011

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Montross, L.P., Depp, C., Daly, J., Reichstadt, J., Golshan, S., Moore, D., … Jeste, D.V. (2006). Correlates of self-rated successful aging among community-dwelling older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(1), 43–51. PubMed doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000192489.43179.31

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mora, F. (2013). Successful brain aging: plasticity, environmental enrichment, and lifestyle. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(1), 45–52. Retrieved from http://www.dialogues-cns.org/PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mujika, I. (2012). The cycling physiology of Miguel Indurain 14 years after retirement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(4), 397–400. PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Newall, N.E., Chipperfield, J.G., Bailis, D.S., & Stewart, T.L. (2013). Consequences of loneliness on physical activity and mortality in older adults and the power of positive emotions. Health Psychology, 32(8), 921–924. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0029413

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nybo, L., Schmidt, J.F., Fritzdorf, S., & Nordsborg, N.B. (2014). Physiological characteristics of an aging olympic athlete. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(11), 2132–2138. PubMed doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000331

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oeppen, J., & Vaupel, J.W. (2002). Broken limits to life expectancy. Science, 296(5570), 1029–1031. PubMed doi:10.1126/science.1069675

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Olson, L.T. (2001). Masters track and field: a history. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

  • Pasco, J.A., Williams, L.J., Jacka, F.N., Henry, M.J., Coulson, C.E., Brennan, S.L., … Berk, M. (2011). Habitual physical activity and the risk for depressive and anxiety disorders among older men and women. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(2), 292–298. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1041610210001833

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Payette, H., Gueye, N.D.R., Gaudreau, P., Morais, J.A., Shatenstein, B., & Gray-Donald, K. (2011). Trajectories of physical function decline and psychological functioning: the Quebec longitudinal study on nutrition and successful aging (NuAge). The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66 (Suppl 1), i82–i90. PubMed doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq085

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pearson, S.J., Young, A., Macaluso, A., Devito, G., Nimmo, M.A., Cobbold, M., & Harridge, S.D.R. (2002). Muscle function in elite master weightlifters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(7), 1199–1206. PubMed doi:10.1097/00005768-200207000-00023

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Peel, N., Bartlett, H., & McClure, R. (2004). Healthy ageing: how is it defined and measured? Australasian Journal on Ageing, 23(3), 115–119. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2004.00035.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Phelan, E.A., Anderson, L.A., Lacroix, A.Z., & Larson, E.B. (2004). Older adults’ views of “successful aging”—how do they compare with researchers’ definitions? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(2), 211–216. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52056.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Piacentini, M.F., De Ioannon, G., Comotto, S., Spedicato, A., Vernillo, G., & La Torre, A. (2013). Concurrent strength and endurance training effects on running economy in master endurance runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(8), 2295–2303. PubMed doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182794485

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Piacentini, M.F., & Meeusen, R. (2015). An online training-monitoring system to prevent nonfunctional overreaching. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(4), 524–527. PubMed doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0270.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pimentel, A.E., Gentile, C.L., Tanaka, H., Seals, D.R., & Gates, P.E. (2003). Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(6), 2406–2413. PubMed doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00774.2002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, G.A., Dalton, B.H., Behm, D.G., Doherty, T.J., Vandervoort, A.A., & Rice, C.L. (2012). Motor unit survival in lifelong runners is muscle dependent. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(7), 1235–1242. PubMed doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318249953c

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, G.A., Allen, M.D., Gilmore, K.J., Stashuk, D.W., Doherty, T.J., Hepple, R.T., … Rice, C.L. (2016a). Motor unit number and transmission stability in octogenarian world class athletes: can age-related deficits be outrun? Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(4), 1013–1020. PubMed doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00149.2016

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, G.A., Minozzo, F.C., Spendiff, S., Filion, M.-E., Konokhova, Y., Purves-Smith, M.F., … Rassier, D.E. (2016b). Reduction in single muscle fiber rate of force development with aging is not attenuated in world class older masters athletes. American journal of physiology: Cell physiology, 310(4), C318–C327. PubMed doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2015

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pruchno, R. (2015). Successful aging: contentious past, productive future. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 1–4. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/gnv002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ransdell, L.B., Vener, J., & Huberty, J. (2009). Masters athletes: an analysis of running, swimming and cycling performance by age and gender. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 7(2), S61–S73. doi:10.1016/S1728-869X(09)60024-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reaburn, P., & Dascombe, B. (2008). Endurance performance in masters athletes. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 5(1), 31–42. doi:10.1007/s11556-008-0029-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reaburn, P., & Dascombe, B. (2009). Anaerobic performance in masters athletes. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 6(1), 39–53. doi:10.1007/s11556-008-0041-6

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rebar, A.L., Stanton, R., Geard, D., Short, C., Duncan, M.J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 366–378. PubMed doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reed, S.B., Crespo, C.J., Harvey, W., & Andersen, R.E. (2011). Social isolation and physical inactivity in older us adults: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(5), 347–353. doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.521585

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Romo, R.D., Wallhagen, M.I., Yourman, L., Yeung, C.C., Eng, C., Micco, G., … Smith, A.K. (2013). Perceptions of successful aging among diverse elders with late-life disability. The Gerontologist, 53(6), 939–949. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/gns160

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rowe, J.W. (2015). Successful aging of societies. Daedalus, 144(2), 5–12. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00325

  • Rowe, J.W., & Kahn, R.L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/37.4.433

  • Schmidt, J.F., Andersen, T.R., Andersen, L.J., Randers, M.B., Hornstrup, T., Hansen, P.R., … Krustrup, P. (2015). Cardiovascular function is better in veteran football players than age-matched untrained elderly healthy men. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 25(1), 61–69. PubMed doi:10.1111/sms.12153

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). A life span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51(7), 702–714. PubMed doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.702

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sheehy, T., & Hodge, K. (2015). Motivation and morality in masters athletes: a self-determination theory perspective. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 273–285. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2014.956326

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, P.J., Blumenthal, J.A., Hoffman, B.M., Cooper, H., Strauman, T.A., Welsh-Bohmer, K., … Sherwood, A. (2010). Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(3), 239–252. PubMed doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Steinmo, S., Hagger-Johnson, G., & Shahab, L. (2014). Bidirectional association between mental health and physical activity in older adults: Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Preventive Medicine, 66, 74–79. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Steverink, N. (2014). Successful development and aging: theory and intervention. In N.A. Pachana & K. Laidlaw (Eds.), Oxford handbook of clinical geropsychology (pp. 84–103). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stewart, A.L., Greenfield, S., Hays, R.D., Wells, K., Rogers, W.H., Berry, S.D., … Ware, J.E. (1989). Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions: results from the medical outcomes study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(7), 907–913. PubMed doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430070055030

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Strawbridge, W.J., Deleger, S., Roberts, R.E., & Kaplan, G.A. (2002a). Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156(4), 328–334. PubMed doi:10.1093/aje/kwf047

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Strawbridge, W.J., Wallhagen, M.I., & Cohen, R.D. (2002b). Successful aging and well-being: self-rated compared with Rowe and Kahn. The Gerontologist, 42(6), 727–733. PubMed doi:10.1093/geront/42.6.727

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Strüder, H., & Weicker, H. (2001). Physiology and pathophysiology of the serotonergic system and its implications on mental and physical performance. Part I. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(7), 467–481. PubMed doi:10.1055/s-2001-17605

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Suzuki, M., Willcox, B., & Willcox, C. (2004). Successful aging: secrets of Okinawan longevity. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 4(Suppl 1), S180–S181. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2004.00193.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tanaka, H., & Seals, D.R. (2003). Invited review: dynamic exercise performance in masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(5), 2152–2162. PubMed doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00320.2003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tanaka, H., & Seals, D.R. (2008). Endurance exercise performance in masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of Physiology, 586(1), 55–63. PubMed doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Trappe, S., Hayes, E., Galpin, A., Kaminsky, L., Jemiolo, B., Fink, W., … Tesch, P. (2013). New records in aerobic power among octogenarian lifelong endurance athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(1), 3–10. PubMed doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01107.2012

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Troiano, R.P., Berrigan, D., Dodd, K.W., Masse, L.C., Tilert, T., & McDowell, M. (2008). Physical activity in the united states measured by accelerometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(1), 181–188. PubMed doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tseng, B., Uh, J., Rossetti, H., Cullum, C.M., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Levine, B., … Zhang, R. (2013). masters athletes exhibit larger regional brain volume and better cognitive performance than sedentary older adults. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 38(5), 1169–1176. PubMed doi:10.1002/jmri.24085

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Unger, J.B., & Johnson, C.A. (1995). Social relationships and physical activity in health club members. American Journal of Health Promotion, 9(5), 340–343. PubMed doi:10.4278/0890-1171-9.5.340

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ungerleider, S., Golding, J.M., & Porter, K. (1989). Mood profiles of masters track and field athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(2), 607–617. PubMed doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.607

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Unterweger, C.M., Knechtle, B., Nikolaidis, P.T., Rosemann, T., & Rüst, C.A. (2016). Increased participation and improved performance in age group backstroke master swimmers from 25–29 to 100–104 years at the fina world masters championships from 1986 to 2014. Springer Plus, 5(1), 1–12. PubMed doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2209-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • van Uffelen, J.G., Chin, A.P.M.J., Hopman-Rock, M., & van Mechelen, W. (2008). The effects of exercise on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive decline: a systematic review. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(6), 486–500. PubMed doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181845f0b

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • von Faber, M., Bootsma-van der Wiel, A., van Exel, E., Gussekloo, J., Lagaay, A., van Dongen, E., … Westendorp, R. (2001). Successful aging in the oldest old: who can be characterized as successfully aged? Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(22), 2694–2700. PubMed doi:10.1001/archinte.161.22.2694

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weir, P., Baker, J., & Horton, S. (2010). The emergence of masters sport: participatory trends and historical developments. In J. Baker, S. Horton, & P. Weir (Eds.), The masters athlete, understanding the role of sport and exercise in optimizing aging (pp. 7–14). London UK: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weissman, M.M., Olfson, M., Gameroff, M.J., Feder, A., & Fuentes, M. (2001). A comparison of three scales for assessing social functioning in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(3), 460–466. PubMed doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.460

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • World Health Organization. (2011). Global health and aging (NIH Publication no. 11-7737). World Health Organization Website on Global Health and Ageing. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health/en/

  • Wroblewski, A.P., Amati, F., Smiley, M.A., Goodpaster, B., & Wright, V. (2011). Chronic exercise preserves lean muscle mass in masters athletes. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39(3), 172–178. PubMed doi:10.3810/psm.2011.09.1933

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, S., Wang, R., Zhao, Y., Ma, X., Wu, M., Yan, X., & He, J. (2013). The relationship between self-rated health and objective health status: a population-based study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1–9. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-320

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xu, L., Jiang, C.Q., Lam, T.H., Zhang, W.S., Thomas, G.N., & Cheng, K.K. (2011). Dose-response relation between physical activity and cognitive function: Guangzhou biobank cohort study. Annals of Epidemiology, 21(11), 857–863. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.06.002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yaffe, K., Barnes, D., Nevitt, M., Lui, L.-Y., & Covinsky, K. (2001). A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(14), 1703–1708. PubMed doi:10.1001/archinte.161.14.1703

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yaffe, K., Fiocco, A.J., Lindquist, K., Vittinghoff, E., Simonsick, E.M., Newman, A.B., … Harris, T.B. (2009). Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: the Health ABC study. Neurology, 72(23), 2029–2035. PubMed doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a92c36

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Young, B.W., de Jong, G.C., & Medic, N. (2015). Examining relationships between passion types, conflict and negative outcomes in masters athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(2), 132–149. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2014.932822

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Young, B.W., Weir, P.L., Starkes, J.L., & Medic, N. (2008). Does lifelong training temper age-related decline in sport performance? Interpreting differences between cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Experimental Aging Research, 34(1), 27–48. PubMed doi:10.1080/03610730701761924

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Young, Y., Fan, M.Y., Parrish, J.M., & Frick, K.D. (2009). Validation of a novel successful aging construct. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 10(5), 314–322. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2009.01.003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, E., Tranovich, M.J., DeAngelo, R., Kontos, A.P., & Wright, V.J. (2016). Chronic exercise preserves brain function in masters athletes when compared to sedentary counterparts. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 44(1), 8–13. PubMed doi:10.1080/00913847.2016.1103641

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1601 1143 137
Full Text Views 140 105 0
PDF Downloads 102 77 0