The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire
in Journal of Sport and Exercise PsychologyClick name to view affiliation
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This article provides initial evidence for the construct validity of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire (PASS-Q), which assesses emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible support. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence for a four-dimension factor structure. Correlations supported hypothesized relationships between the PASS-Q dimensions and the Social Support Survey questions (Richman, Rosenfeld, & Hardy, 1993). In Study 2, the four-dimension factor structure was supported in an independent sample. Further, higher levels of perceived available emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible support were associated with higher levels of self-confidence and lower levels of burnout. Researchers are encouraged to use the PASS-Q to examine the effects of perceived available support in sport contexts.
Paul Freeman is with the School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom. Pete Coffee is with Centre for Sport, Health, and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. Tim Rees is with the School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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