Fitness-Related Self-Conscious Emotions and Risk for Exercise Addiction: Examining the Mediating Role of Passion

in Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Click name to view affiliation

Alvaro Sicilia University of Almería

Search for other papers by Alvaro Sicilia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez University of Almería

Search for other papers by Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Delia C. Dumitru University of Almería

Search for other papers by Delia C. Dumitru in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Adrian Paterna University of Almería

Search for other papers by Adrian Paterna in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
, and
Mark D. Griffiths Nottingham Trent University

Search for other papers by Mark D. Griffiths in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0260
Keywords:
body image; exercise dependence; guilt; pride; shame
First Published Online:
30 May 2020
In Print:
Volume 42: Issue 3
Page Range:
240–248
Restricted access

Fitness-related self-conscious emotions (SCEs) have been proposed as antecedents of exercise addiction (EA). However, the potential mechanisms underlying such a relationship remain unexplored. The present study examined the relationship between fitness-related SCEs and risk of EA, as well as the mediating role of passion for exercise. A total of 296 male runners (M = 40.35 years, SD = 10.69) completed a survey assessing weekly exercise frequency/hours, fitness-related SCEs, passion for exercise, and the risk of EA. The relationships between the study variables were examined using structural equation modeling. After controlling for age and weekly exercise frequency/hours, fitness-related SCEs of shame, guilt, and hubristic pride were positively associated with risk of EA. However, while guilt had direct effects on risk of EA, shame and hubristic pride showed indirect effects via obsessive passion. The results of the study are discussed, and some practical implications and future research directions are presented.

Sicilia, Alcaraz-Ibáñez, Dumitru, and Paterna are with the Dept. of Education, Health Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain. Griffiths is with the Psychology Dept., Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Sicilia (asicilia@ual.es) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Cover Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

  • Alcaraz-Ibáñez , M. , Sicilia , A. , & Dumitru , D.C. (2019). Psychometrics of the Spanish body-related self-conscious emotions fitness instrument [Manuscript submitted for publication].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Castonguay , A.L. , Gilchrist , J.D. , Mack , D.E. , & Sabiston , C.M. (2013). Body-related pride in young adults: An exploration of the triggers, contexts, outcomes and attributions. Body Image, 10(3), 335–343. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Castonguay , A.L. , Pila , E. , Wrosch , C. , & Sabiston , C.M. (2015). Body-related self-conscious emotions relate to physical activity motivation and behavior in men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 9(3), 209–221. PubMed ID: 32087002 doi:10.1177/1557988314537517

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Castonguay , A.L. , Sabiston , C.M. , Crocker , P.R.E. , & Mack , D.E. (2014). Development and validation of the body and appearance self-conscious emotions scale (BASES). Body Image, 11(2), 126–136. PubMed ID: 24548436 doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.12.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Castonguay , A.L. , Sabiston , C.M. , Kowalski , K.C. , & Wilson , P.M. (2016). Introducing an instrument to measure body and fitness-related self-conscious emotions: The BSE-FIT. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.10.003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chamarro , A. , Penelo , E. , Fornieles , A. , Oberst , U. , Vallerand , R.J. , & Fernández-Castro , J. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the passion scale. Psicothema, 27(4), 402–409. PubMed ID: 26493580 doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.80

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen , J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • Cook , R.H. , Griffiths , M.D. , & Pontes , H.M. (2020). Personality factors in exercise addiction: A pilot study exploring the role of narcissism, extraversion, and agreeableness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 89–102. doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9939-z

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cunningham , H.E. , Pearman , S. , & Brewerton , T.D. (2016). Conceptualizing primary and secondary pathological exercise using available measures of excessive exercise. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(8), 778–792. PubMed ID: 27203379 doi:10.1002/eat.22551

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curran , T. , Hill , A.P. , Appleton , P.R. , Vallerand , R.J. , & Standage , M. (2015). The psychology of passion: A meta-analytical review of a decade of research on intrapersonal outcomes. Motivation and Emotion, 39(5), 631–655. doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9503-0

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • De la Vega , R. , Parastatidou , I.S. , Ruíz-Barquín , R. , & Szabo , A. (2016). Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: The moderating role of passion. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 325–331. PubMed ID: 27363466 doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.043

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dumitru , D.C. , Dumitru , T. , & Maher , A.J. (2018). A systematic review of exercise addiction: Examining gender differences. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(3), 1738–1747. doi:10.7752/jpes.2018.03253

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ertl , M.M. , Longo , L.M. , Groth , G.H. , Berghuis , K.J. , Prout , J. , Hetz , M.C. , & Martin , J.L. (2018). Running on empty: High self-esteem as a risk factor for exercise addiction. Addiction Research and Theory, 26(3), 205–211. doi:10.1080/16066359.2017.1347257

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gilchrist , J.D. , Pila , E. , Castonguay , A. , Sabiston , C.M. , & Mack , D.E. (2018). Body pride and physical activity: Differential associations between fitness- and appearance-related pride in young adult Canadians. Body Image, 27, 77–85. PubMed ID: 30145446 doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.010

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gilchrist , J.D. , Sabiston , C.M. , Conroy , D.E. , & Atkinson , M. (2018). Authentic pride regulates runners’ training progress. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.007

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • González-Cutre , D. , & Sicilia , A. (2012). Motivation and exercise dependence: A study based on self-determination theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 318–329.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hausenblas , H.A. , & Symons-Downs , D. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89–123. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kline , R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press. doi:10.1038/156278a0

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kovacsik , R. , Griffiths , M.D. , Pontes , H.M. , Soós , I. , de la Vega , R. , Ruíz-Barquín , R. , … Szabo , A. (2019). The role of passion in exercise addiction, exercise volume, and exercise intensity in long-term exercisers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 1389–1400. doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9880-1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leary , M.R. (2007). Motivational and emotional aspects of the self. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 317–344. PubMed ID: 16953794 doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mack , D.E. , Kouali , D. , Gilchrist , J.D. , & Sabiston , C.M. (2015). Pride and physical activity: Behavioural regulations as a motivational mechanism? Psychology and Health, 30(9), 1049–1062. PubMed ID: 25783170 doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1022547

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mageau , G.A. , Carpentier , J. , & Vallerand , R.J. (2011). The role of self-esteem contingencies the distinction between obsessive and harmonious passion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(6), 720–729. doi:10.1002/ejsp.798

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Marsh , H.W. , Vallerand , R.J. , Lafreniére , M. , Parker , P. , Morin , A. , Carbonneau , N. , … Paquet , Y. (2013). Passion: Does one scale fit all? Construct validity of two-factor passion scale and psychometric invariance over different activities and languages. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 796–809. PubMed ID: 23647035 doi:10.1037/a0032573

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Muthén , L.K. , & Muthén , B.O. (1998–2015). Mplus version 7: User’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

  • Paradis , K.F. , Cooke , L.M. , Martin , L.J. , & Hall , C.R. (2013). Too much of a good thing? Examining the relationship between passion for exercise and exercise dependence. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 14(4), 493–500. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.02.003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parastatidou , I.S. , Doganis , G. , Theodorakis , Y. , & Vlachopoulos , S.P. (2014). The mediating role of passion in the relationship of exercise motivational regulations with exercise dependence symptoms. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(4), 406–419. doi:10.1007/s11469-013-9466-x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Preacher , K.J. , & Hayes , A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robins , R.W. , & Schriber , R.A. (2009). The self-conscious emotions: How are they experienced, expressed, and assessed? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(6), 887–898. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00217.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sabiston , C.M. , Brunet , J. , Kowalski , K.C. , Wilson , P.M. , Mack , D.E. , & Crocker , P.R.E. (2010). The role of body-related self-conscious emotions in motivating women’s physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32, 417–437. PubMed ID: 20733207 doi:10.1123/jsep.32.4.417

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sicilia , A. , Alcaraz-Ibáñez , M. , Lirola , M.-J. , Burgueño , R. , & Maher , A. (2018). Exercise motivational regulations and exercise addiction: The mediating role of passion. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 482–492. PubMed ID: 29788750 doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.36

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sicilia , A. , & González-Cutre , D. (2011). Dependence and physical exercise: Spanish validation of the exercise dependence scale-revised (EDS-R). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 421–431. PubMed ID: 21568198 doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.38

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Symons-Downs , D. , Hausenblas , H.A. , & Nigg , C.R. (2004). Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the exercise dependence scale-revised. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8(4), 183–201. doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee0804_1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Szabo , A. , Demetrovics , Z. , & Griffiths , M.D. (2018). Morbid exercise behavior: Addiction or psychological escape? In H. Budde & M. Wegner (Eds.), The exercise effect on mental health: Neurobiological mechanisms (pp. 277–311). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Szabo , A. , Griffiths , M.D. , Demetrovics , Z. , de la Vega , R. , Ruíz-Barquín , R. , Soós , I. , & Kovacsik , R. (2019). Obsessive and harmonious passion in physically active Spanish and Hungarian men and women: A brief report on cultural and gender differences. International Journal of Psychology, 54(5), 598–603. PubMed ID: 30079528 doi:10.1002/ijop.12517

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tagney , J. , & Tracy , J.L. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M. Leary & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 446–478). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Terry , A. , Szabo , A. , & Griffiths , M.D. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5), 489–499. doi:10.1080/16066350310001637363

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tracy , J.L. , & Robins , R.W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103–125. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tracy , J.L. , & Robins , R.W. (2007a). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 506–525. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.506

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tracy , J.L. , & Robins , R.W. (2007b). The self in self-conscious emotions: A cognitive appraisal approach. In J.L. Tracy , R.W. Robins , & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 3–20). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vallerand , R.J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 1–13. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vallerand , R.J. (2012). Passion for sport and exercise: The dualistic model of passion. In G. Roberts & D. Treasure (Eds.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vallerand , R.J. (2015). The psychology of passion. A dualistic model. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

  • Vallerand , R.J. , Blanchard , C. , Mageau , G.A. , Koestner , R. , Ratelle , C. , Léonard , M. , … Marsolais , J. (2003). Les passions de l’âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756–767. PubMed ID: 14561128 doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vallerand , R.J. , & Verner-Filion , J. (2014). Passion et addiction: Théorie et recherche. [Passion and addiction: Theory and research]. In N. Battaglia & F. Gierski (Eds.), Psychologie des conduites addictives chez l’enfant et l’adolescent: Regards croisés (pp. 205–223). Paris, France: De Boeck–Sola.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weinstein , A. , & Weinstein , Y. (2014). Exercise addiction—Diagnosis, bio-psychological mechanisms and treatment issues. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4062–4069. PubMed ID: 24001300 doi:10.2174/13816128113199990614

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • World Health Organization. (2018). International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3358 826 49
Full Text Views 185 36 6
PDF Downloads 130 34 5