Chapter 3: Recruitment and Retention in PETE: Foundations in Occupational Socialization Theory

in Journal of Teaching in Physical Education

Click name to view affiliation

K. Andrew R. Richards University of Illinois

Search for other papers by K. Andrew R. Richards in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
and
Thomas J. Templin University of Michigan

Search for other papers by Thomas J. Templin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0212
Keywords:
in-service teachers; preservice teachers; subjective theories; teacher socialization; university faculty members
In Print:
Volume 38: Issue 1
Page Range:
14–21
Restricted access

Chapter 2 overviewed the teacher pipeline and documented some of the challenges faced by the physical education profession in relation to teacher education recruitment and retention. Given declining program enrollments and the elimination of some once-prominent programs, a theory of action is recommended for understanding how the field can better recruit and retain diverse, highly qualified preservice teachers. In this chapter, we argue that occupational socialization theory presents one such theory of action. We begin with an overview of the theory in a general sense and then discuss possible implications for preservice teacher recruitment and retention. Recommended recruitment efforts focus on leveraging both physical education teacher education faculty members and in-service teachers as agents of recruitment; retention strategies relate to developing field-based teacher education programs that adopt a constructivist approach to teaching and learning. We conclude by describing how occupational socialization theory relates to guide research presented within this monograph.

Richards is with the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. Templin is with the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Address author correspondence to K. Andrew R. Richards at karichar@illinois.edu.
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Journal of Teaching in Physical Education

Cover Journal of Teaching in Physical Education

  • Beck, C., & Kosnik, C. (2001). From cohort to community in a preservice teacher education program. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 925–948. doi:10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00041-5

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bert, G., & Richards, K.A.R. (2018). Developing a future teachers club to facilitate physical education teacher recruitment: Do you hear the call? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 89(7), 9–15. doi:10.1080/07303084.2018.1490224

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Betourne, J., & Richards, K.A.R. (2015). Using autobiographical essays to encourage student reflection on socialization experiences. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 86(2), 34–40. doi:10.1080/07303084.2014.988376

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blankenship, B.T., & Coleman, M.M. (2009). An examination of “wash out” and workplace conditions of beginning physical education teachers. Physical Educator, 66, 97–111.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blankenship, B.T., & Templin, T.J. (2016). The decline and elimination of PETE: Implications for doctoral education. Quest, 68, 383–393. doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1229201

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brookhart, S.M., & Freeman, D.J. (1992). Characteristics of entering teacher recruits. Review of Educational Research, 62, 37–60. doi:10.3102/00346543062001037

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bulger, S., Braga, L., DiGiacinto, K., & Jones, E.M. (2016). Student recruitment and retention efforts in PETE: Cloudy skies or silver linings. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 87(8), 34–41. doi:10.1080/07303084.2016.1216485

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bulger, S., Hannon, J.C., & Jones, E.M. (2016). Stepping off the dance floor for a view from the balcony: Observations for physical education teacher education programs in interesting times. Quest, 68, 475–490. doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1229200

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bulger, S., Jones, E.M., Taliaferro, A.R., & Wayda, V. (2015). If you build it, they will come (or not): Going the distance in teacher candidate recruitment. Quest, 67, 73–92. doi:10.1080/00336297.2014.984731

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Campbell, C.D. (2007). Best practices for student-faculty mentoring. In T.D. Allen & L.T. Eby (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 325–343). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Castelli, D., & Williams, L. (2007). Health-related fitness and physical education teachers’ content knowledge. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 26, 3–19. doi:10.1123/jtpe.26.1.3

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, W. (2006). Teachers’ knowledge about and views of the national standards for physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25, 120–142. doi:10.1123/jtpe.25.1.120

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chester, A., Burton, L.J., Xenos, S., & Elgar, K. (2013). Peer mentoring: Supporting successful transition for first year undergraduate psychology students. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65, 30–37. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Clarke, A., Triggs, V., & Nielsen, W. (2014). Cooperating teacher participation in teacher education: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 84, 163–202. doi:10.3102/0034654313499618

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtner-Smith, M. (1997). The impact of biography, teacher education, and organizational socialization on the perspectives and practices of first-year physical education teachers: Case studies of recruits with coaching orientations. Sport, Education and Society, 2, 73–94. doi:10.1080/1357332970020105

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtner-Smith, M. (2001). The occupational socialization of a first-year physical education teacher with a teaching orientation. Sport, Education and Society, 6, 81–105. doi:10.1080/713696040

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtner-Smith, M. (2017). Acculturation, recruitment, and the development of orientations. In K.A.R. Richards & K.L. Gaudreault (Eds.), Teacher socialization in physical education: New perspectives (pp. 33–46). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtner-Smith, M., Hastie, P., & Kinchin, G.D. (2008). Influence of occupational socialization on beginning teachers’ interpretation and delivery of sport education. Sport, Education and Society, 13, 97–117. doi:10.1080/13573320701780779

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtner-Smith, M., & Sofo, S. (2004). Preservice teachers’ conceptions of teaching within sport education and multi-activity units. Sport, Education and Society, 9, 347–377. doi:10.1080/13573320412331302430

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Darling-Hammond, L., & Lieberman, A. (Eds.). (2012). Teacher education around the world: Changing policies and practices. New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dewar, A.M. (1989). Recruitment in physical education teaching: Toward a critical approach. In T.J. Templin & P.G. Schempp (Eds.), Socialization into physical education: Learning to teach (pp. 39–58). Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dodds, P., Placek, J.H., Doolittle, S.A., Pinkham, K., Ratliffe, T., & Portman, P. (1991). Teacher/coach recruits: Background profiles, occupational design factors, and comparisons with recruits into other physical education occupations. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 161–176. doi:10.1123/jtpe.11.2.161

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ennis, C. (Ed.). (2017). Routledge handbook of physical education pedagogies. New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Ferry, M., & McCaughtry, N. (2013). Secondary physical educators and sport content: A love affair. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 32, 375–393. doi:10.1123/jtpe.32.4.375

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Flory, S.B. (2016). Professional socialization experiences of early career urban physical educators. European Physical Education Review, 22, 430–449. doi:10.1177/1356336X15616074

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ford, D.Y., Grantham, T.C., & Whiting, G.W. (2008). Culturally and linguistically diverse students in gifted education: Recruitment and retention issues. Exceptional Children, 74, 289–306. doi:10.1177/001440290807400302

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Freedberg, L. (2013). Enrollment in teacher preparation programs plummets. EdSource: Highlighting strategies for student success. Retrieved from https://hechingerreport.org/enrollment-in-teacher-preparation-programs-plummets/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gore, J. (1990). Pedagogy as text in physical education teacher education: Beyond the preferred reading. In D. Kirk & R. Tinning (Eds.), Physical education, curriculum and culture: Critical issues in the contemporary crisis (pp. 101–138). London, UK: Falmer Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Graber, K. (1991). Studentship in preservice teacher education: A qualitative study of undergraduates in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62, 41–51. PubMed ID: 2028092 doi:10.1080/02701367.1991.10607517

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Graber, K., Killian, C.M., & Woods, A.M. (2017). Professional socialization, teacher education programs, and dialectics. In K.A.R. Richards & K.L. Gaudreault (Eds.), Teacher socialization in physical education: New perspectives (pp. 63–78). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187–214. doi:10.1017/S0272263100009943

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Guarino, C.M., Santibañez, L., & Daley, G.A. (2006). Teacher recruitment and retention: A review of the recent empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 76, 173–208. doi:10.3102/00346543076002173

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gunstone, R., Slattery, M., Baird, J., & Northfield, J. (1993). A case study exploration of development in preservice teachers. Science Education, 77, 47–73. doi:10.1002/sce.3730770104

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harris, K.R., & Alexander, P.A. (1998). Integrated, constructivist education: Challenge and reality. Educational Psychology Review, 10, 115–127. doi:10.1023/A:1022169018926

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hoover, E., & Keller, J. (2011). The cross-country recruitment rush. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/The-Cross-Country-Recruitment/129577

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • John-Steiner, V., & Mahn, H. (1996). Sociocultural approaches to learning and development: A Vygotskian perspective. Educational Psychologist, 31, 191–206. doi:10.1080/00461520.1996.9653266

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kahu, E.R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 38, 758–773. doi:10.1080/03075079.2011.598505

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kerby, M.B. (2015). Toward a new predictive model of student retention in higher education: An application of classical sociological theory. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 17, 138–161. doi:10.1177/1521025115578229

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kirk, D., Macdonald, D., & O’sullivan, M. (Eds.). (2006). The handbook of physical education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Lacey, C. (1977). The socialization of teachers. London, UK: Methuen.

  • Lawson, H.A. (1983). Toward a model of teacher socialization in physical education: The subjective warrant, recruitment, and teacher education (part 1). Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2, 3–16. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2.3.3

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lawson, H.A. (1986). Occupational socialization and the design of teacher education programs. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 5, 107–116. doi:10.1123/jtpe.5.2.107

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lizzio, A., Wilson, K., & Simons, R. (2002). University students’ perceptions of the learning environment and academic outcomes: Implications for theory and practice. Studies in Higher Education, 27, 27–52. doi:10.1080/03075070120099359

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lortie, D.C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • McCullick, B.A., Lux, K.M., Belcher, D.G., & Davies, N. (2012). A portrait of the PETE major: Re-touched for the early twenty-first century. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 17, 177–193. doi:10.1080/17408989.2011.565472

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Merton, R.K., Reader, G., & Kendall, P. (1957). The student-physician: Introductory studies in the sociology of medical education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Millslagle, D., & Morley, L. (2004). Investigation of role retreatism in the teacher/coach. Physical Educator, 61, 120–130.

  • Moxley, D., Najor-Durack, A., & Dumbrigue, C. (2001). Keeping students in higher education: Successful practices and strategies for retention. New York, NY: RoutledgeFalmer.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • O’Neil, K., & Richards, K.A.R. (2018). Breaking from traditionalism: Strategies for the recruitment and training of physical education students. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 89(2), 34–41. doi:10.1080/07303084.2017.1404511

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Placek, J.H., Dodds, P., Doolittle, S.A., Portman, P., Ratliffe, T., & Pinkham, K. (1995). Teaching recruits’ physical education backgrounds and beliefs about purposes for their subject matter. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 246–261. doi:10.1123/jtpe.14.3.246

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Richards, K.A.R., & Gaudreault, K.L. (Eds.). (2017). Teacher socialization in physical education: New perspectives. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Richards, K.A.R., Housner, L., & Templin, T.J. (2018). Addressing physical education teacher socialization through standards-based reform in physical education teacher education. Quest, 70, 334–353. doi:10.1080/00336297.2017.1388262

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Richards, K.A.R., & Templin, T.J. (2012). Toward a multidimensional perspective on teacher-coach role conflict. Quest, 64, 164–176. doi:10.1080/00336297.2012.693751

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Richards, K.A.R., Templin, T.J., & Gaudreault, K.L. (2013). Understanding the realities of school life: Recommendations for the preparation of physical education teachers. Quest, 65, 442–457. doi:10.1080/00336297.2013.804850

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Richards, K.A.R., Templin, T.J., & Graber, K. (2014). The socialization of teachers in physical education: Review and recommendations for future works. Kinesiology Review, 3, 113–134. doi:10.1123/kr.2013-0006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sanchez, R.J., Baur, T.N., & Paronto, M.E. (2006). Peer mentoring freshmen: Implications for satisfaction, commitment, and retention to graduation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5, 25–37. doi:10.5465/amle.2006.20388382

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sawchuk, S. (2014). Steep drops in teacher prep enrollment numbers. Education Week, 34(9), 1–10.

  • Schempp, P.G., & Graber, K. (1992). Teacher socialization from a dialectical perspective: Pretraining through induction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 329–348. doi:10.1123/jtpe.11.4.329

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Scheurman, G. (1998). From behaviorist to constructivist teaching. Social Education, 62, 6–9.

  • Shelton, E.N. (2003). Faculty support and student retention. The Journal of Nursing Education, 42, 68–76. PubMed ID: 12622334

  • Silverman, S. J., & Ennis, C. (Eds.). (2003). Student learning in physical education: Applying research to enhance instruction (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sofo, S., & Curtner-Smith, M. (2010). Development of preservice teachers’ value orientations during a secondary methods course and early field experience. Sport, Education and Society, 15, 347–365. doi:10.1080/13573322.2010.493314

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Southwell, K.H., Whiteman, S.D., Macdermid Wadsworth, S.M., & Barry, A.E. (2018). The use of university service and student retention: Differential links for student service members or veterans and civilian students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 19, 394–412. doi:10.1177/1521025116636133

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spittle, M., Jackson, K., & Casey, M. (2009). Applying self-determination theory to understanding the motivation for becoming a physical education teacher. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25, 190–197. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2008.07.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stran, M., & Curtner-Smith, M. (2009). Influence of occupational socialization on two preservice teachers’ interpretation and delivery of the sport education model. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 28, 38–53. doi:10.1123/jtpe.28.1.38

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stylianou, M., Kulinna, P.H., Cothran, D., & Kwon, J.Y. (2013). Physical education teachers’ metaphors of teaching and learning. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 32, 22–45. doi:10.1123/jtpe.32.1.22

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Templin, T.J., & Schempp, P.G. (Eds.). (1989). Socialization into physical education: Learning to teach. Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Templin, T.J., Woodford, R., & Mulling, C. (1982). On becoming a physical educator: Occupational choice and the anticipatory socialization process. Quest, 34, 119–133. doi:10.1080/00336297.1982.10483771

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Timken, G., & van der Mars, H. (2009). The effect of case methods on preservice physical education teachers’ value orientations. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 14, 169–187. doi:10.1080/17408980701718459

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2002). The condition of education, 2002. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002025.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2016). Title II higher education act: Pathways to teaching. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://title2.ed.gov/Public/42653_Title_II_Infographic_Booklet.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Valtonen, J., Reunamo, J., Hirvensalo, M., & Ruismäki, H. (2015). Socialization into teaching physical education: Acculturative formation of perceived strengths. The European Journal of Social & Behavioral Sciences, 12, 1683–1695.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Waddell, J. (2014). Supporting students of color in teacher education: Results from an urban teacher education program. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 16, 261–275. doi:10.2190/CS.16.2.f

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ward, P. (2016). Policies, agenda and practices influencing doctoral education in physical education teacher education. Quest, 68, 420–438. doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1234964

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ward, P. (2019). Chapter 2—Setting the scene: Challenges and building capacity for PETE programs. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 38. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2018-0008

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Klusmann, U., Kunter, M., Beyer, B., Trautwein, U., & Baumert, J. (2012). Motivations for choosing teaching as a career: An international comparison using the FIT-Choice scale. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 791–805. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.03.003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woods, A.M., & Lynn, S.K. (2014). One physical educator’s career cycle: Strong start, great run, approaching finish. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85, 68–80. PubMed ID: 24749238 doi:10.1080/02701367.2013.872218

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woods, A.M., Richards, K.A.R., & Ayers, S. (2016). All in: Teachers’ and college faculty’s roles in recruiting future physical educators. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 87(4), 18–23. doi:10.1080/07303084.2016.1141731

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Young, A., & MacPhail, A. (2015). “Standing in the periphery:” Cooperating teachers’ perspectives and responses to the role of supervision. European Physical Education Review, 21, 222–237. doi:10.1177/1356336X14557582

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zeichner, K.M., & Gore, J.M. (1990). Teacher socialization. In W.R. Houston, M. Haberman, & J. Sikula (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 329–348). New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zimpher, N.L., & Howey, K.R. (1992). Policy and practice toward the improvement of teacher education: An analysis of issues from recruitment to continuing professional development with recommendations. Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3139 707 53
Full Text Views 343 81 40
PDF Downloads 276 75 31