The Evolution of the Athletic Training Profession

in Kinesiology Review

Click name to view affiliation

Eleni Diakogeorgiou
Search for other papers by Eleni Diakogeorgiou in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
R. Richard Ray Jr.
Search for other papers by R. Richard Ray Jr. in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Sara Brown
Search for other papers by Sara Brown in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Jay Hertel
Search for other papers by Jay Hertel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Douglas J. Casa
Search for other papers by Douglas J. Casa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Athletic training is a health care profession with roots in athletics and kinesiology that has evolved into a critical component of contemporary sports medicine. The aim of this article is to review the history and evolution of the athletic training profession, contextualize the current state of athletic training education and research, and address priorities and challenges that the athletic training profession must confront if it is to continue to thrive. Specific challenges include addressing health disparities in sports medicine, increasing the diversity of the athletic training profession, clearly delineating athletic training’s place in the health care arena, and increasing salaries and retention of athletic trainers in the profession.

Diakogeorgiou and Casa are with the Dept. of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Diakogeorgiou is also with Athletic Training, and Casa, the Korey Stringer Inst., at the university. Ray is with the Dept. of Kinesiology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA. Brown is with Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Hertel is with the Dept. of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Diakogeorgiou (eleni.diakogeorgiou@uconn.edu) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Adams, W.M., Terranova, A.B., & Belval, L.N. (2021). Addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion in athletic training: Shifting the focus to athletic training education. Journal of Athletic Training, 56(2), 129133. PubMed ID: 33596597 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0558-20

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baugh, C.M., Kroshus, E., Lanser, B.L., Lindley, T.R., & Meehan, W.P. (2020). Sports medicine staffing across National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III schools: Evidence for the medical model. Journal of Atheltic Training, 55(6), 573579. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0463-19

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Board of Certification, Inc. (2016, May). BOC standards of professional practice. http://www.bocatc.org/system/document_versions/versions/60/original/boc-standards-of-professional-practice-2016-201710

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Board of Certification, Inc. (n.d.). Specialty certification. https://www.bocatc.org/at-specialties/specialty-certification/specialty-council/specialty-council

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Board of Certification, Inc. (2020). 2020 annual report. https://7f6907b2.flowpaper.com/2020BOCAnnualReport/#page=1

  • Board of Certification, Inc. (2021a). Maintain certification. https://www.bocatc.org/athletic-trainers/maintain-certification/continuing-education/continuing-education

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Board of Certification, Inc. (2021b). What is the BOC? https://www.bocatc.org/about-us/what-is-the-boc

  • Broglio, S.P., Contu, R.C., Gioia, G.A., Guskiewicz, K.M., Kutcher, J., Palm, M., & Valovich McCleod, T.C. (2014). National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: Management of sport related concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(2), 245265. PubMed ID: 24601910 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.1.07

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Casa, D.J., DeMartini, J.K., Bergeron, M.F., Csillan, D., Eichner, E.R., Lopez, R.M., . . . Yeargin, S.W. (2015). National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: Exertional heat illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(9), 9861000. PubMed ID: 26381473 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clayton, V. (2016, March 2). The problem with the GRE score. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/03/the-problem-with-the-gre/471633/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education. (n.d.-a). Historical overview. ∼https://caate.net/historical-overview/#:∼:text=The%20Joint%20Review%20Committee%20on,in%20Texas%20in%20October%201991.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education. (n.d.-b). Residency programs. https://caate.net/residency-programs

  • Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education. (2011). 5th edition athletic training educational competencies. https://caate.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/5th-Edition-Competencies.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education. (2018, January 9). 2020 Standards for accreditation of professional athletic training programs. https://caate.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2020-Standards-for-Professional-Programs-copyedited-clean.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Delforge, G.D., & Behnke, R.S. (1999). The history and evolution of athletic training education in the United States. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(1), 5361. PubMed ID: 16558550

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eason, C.M., Mazerolle, S.M., & Goodman, A. (2017). Organizational infrastructure in the collegiate athletic training setting, part III: Benefits of and barriers in the medical and academic models. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(1), 3544. PubMed ID: 27977302 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.25

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ebel, R.G. (1999). Far beyond the shoe box: Fifty years of the National Atheltic Trainers’ Association. Forbes.

  • Fisher, R., Esparza, S., Nye, N.S., Gottfredson, R., Pawlak, M.T., Cropper, T.L., . . . Webber, B.J. (2020). Outcomes of embedded athletic training services within United States Air Force basic military training. Journal of Athletic Training, 56(2), 134140. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0498.19

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Geisler, P.R. (2018). I wanna go to AT school (Said no one, ever). Journal of Athletic Training, 53(10), 921925. PubMed ID: 30339046 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-564-17.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grace, P. (1999). Milestones in athletic trainer certification. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(4), 285291.

  • Grantham, J. (2015, February). Cultural competence and diversity in athletic training. NATA News. https://nata.org/stites/default/files/cultural-competence-diversity-athletic-training.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoffman, M.A., Johnson, S.T., & Norcoross, M.F. (2019). The intersection of athletic training and public health. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(2), 121 . PubMed ID: 30951382 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-54-02

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Health Professions Education. (2003). Chapter 5, Health professions oversight processes: What they do and do not do, and what they could do. In E. Knebel & A.C. Greiner (Eds.), Health professions education: A bridge to quality. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221526/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kerr, Z.Y., Scarneo-Miller, S.E., Yeargin, S.W., Grundstein, A.J., Casa, D.J., Pryor, R.R., & Register-Mihalik, J.K. (2019). Exertional heat-stroke preparedness in high school football by region and state mandate presence. Journal of athletic training, 54(9), 921928. PubMed ID: 31454289 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-581-18

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kutz, M.R. (2019). Leadership and management in athletic training: An integrated approach. Jones and Bartlett.

  • Lam, K.C., Welch Bacon, C.E., Sauers, E.L., & Bay, R. (2020). Point-of-care clinical trials in sports medicine research: Identifying effective treatment interventions through comparative effectiveness research. Journal of Athletic Training, 55(3), 217228. PubMed ID: 31618071 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-307-18

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, C., & Stassun, K. (2014). A test that fails. Nature, 510(7504), 303304. https://doi.org/10.1038/nj7504-303a

  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (n.d.). Athletic training state regulatory boards. https://members.nata.org/gov/state/regulatory-boards/map.cfm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (2018a, November). Explore NATA 2018 salary survey results. https://members.nata.org/members1/salraysurvey2018.results.cfm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (2018b, December 19). NATA and APTA Commit to greater collaboration and joint efforts to promote quality care. https://www.nata.org/nr12092018

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (2020a). Athletic training glossary. https://www.nata.org/about/athletic-training/athletic-training-glossary

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (2020b). Education overview. https://www.nata.org/about/athletic-training/education-overview

  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (2020c). Introduction to third party reimbursement. https://www.nata.org/introduction-third-party-reimbursement

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association. (2020d). Statements. https://www.nata.org/news-publications/pressroom/statements

  • National Collegiate Athletics Association. (2013, August). 2013-2014 sports medicine handbook. Guideline 1B—Interdisciplinary Health Care Teams. https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/SMHB%20Mental%20Health%20INterventions.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nicolello, T.S. (2017). Patient throughput in a sports medicine clinic with the implementation of an athletic trainer: A retrospective analysis. Sports Health, 9(1), 7074. PubMed ID: 27799568 https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116676452

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Noel-London, K., Beritback, A., & Beleue, R. (2018). Filling the gaps in adolescent care and school health policy-tackling health disparities through sports medicine integration. Healthcare, 6(4), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040132

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Palmieri-Smith, R.M., DiStefano, L.J., Driban, J.B., Pietrosimone, B., Thomas, A.C., Tourville, T.W., & Athletic Trainers’ Osteoarthritis Consortium. (2017). The role of athletic trainers in preventing and managing posttraumatic osteoarthritis in physically active populations: A consensus statement of the Athletic Trainers’ Osteoarthritis Consortium. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(6), 610623. PubMed ID: 28653866 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.2.04

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Perrin, D.H. (2003, April). Why diversity is important. NATA News, pp. 2021.

  • Pike Lacy, A.M., Bownam, T.G., & Singe, S.M. (2020). Challenges faced by collegiate athletic trainers, part I: Organizational conflict and clinical decision making. Journal of Athletic Training, 55(3), 303311. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-84-19

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Post, E., Winterstein, A.P., Hetzel, S.J., Lutes, B., & McGuine, T.A. (2019). School and community socioeconomic status and access to athletic trainer services in Wisconsin secondary schools. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(2), 177181. PubMed ID: 30398929 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-440-17

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rapp, G.R., & Ingersoll, C.D. (2019). Sports medicine delivery models: Legal risks. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(12), 12371240. PubMed ID: 31642711 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-83-19

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Root, H.J., Frank, B.S., Denegar, C.R., Casa, D.J., Gregorio, D.I., Mazerolle, S.M., & Distefano, L.J. (2019). Application of a preventive training program implementation framework to youth soccer and basketball organizations. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(2), 182191. PubMed ID: 30855986 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-375-17

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shanely, E., Thigpen, C.A., Chapman, C.G., Thorpe, J., Gilliland, R.G., & Sease, W.F. (2019). Athletic trainers’ effect on population health: Improving access to and quality of care. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(2), 124132. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-219-17

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sitzler, B. (2021, February 4). NATA, APTA adopt joint policy principles. https://www.nata.org/blog/beth-sitzler/nata-apta-adopt-joint-policy-principles

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van Lunen, B.L., Clines, S.H., Reems, T., Eberman, L.E., Hankemeier, D.A., & Welch Bacon, C.E. (2021). Employability in academe for athletic trainers with the Doctor of Athletic Training degree. Journal of Athletic Training, 56(3), 220226. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0253.20

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weidner, T.G., & Henning, J.M. (2002). Historical perspective of athletic training clinical education. Journal of Athletic Training, 37(Suppl. 4), S222S228.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Winkelmann, Z.K., Games, K.E., Rivera, M.J., Neil, E.R., & Eberman, L.E. (2020). Athletic trainers’ knowledge and practice application of public health topics. Athletic Training Education Journal, 15(4), 308320. https://doi.org/10.4085/1947-380X-19-047

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • World Federation of Athletic Training and Therapy. (2019). https://www.wfatt.org

  • Youth Sports Safety Alliance. (2018). Alliance members. https://www.youthsportssafteyalliance.org/allianceMembers

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 6683 2499 189
Full Text Views 840 39 4
PDF Downloads 898 49 4