Reflections on a Scholarly Career in Sport and Exercise Psychology: The Influence of Significant Others on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

in Kinesiology Review

Click name to view affiliation

Thelma S. HornDepartment of Sport Leadership and Management, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA

Search for other papers by Thelma S. Horn in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2021-0001
Keywords:
coaches; parents; peer leaders; school contexts; social influences
First Published Online:
17 Dec 2021
In Print:
Volume 11: Issue 2
Page Range:
138–148
Restricted access

This paper is based on a Senior Scholar presentation delivered at the 2020 annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity. The paper begins with a summary of the research work completed by the author and coinvestigators in regard to the influences that significant others (parents, peers, and coaches) exert on the psychosocial well-being of individuals in sport and physical activity. In each of these three areas, illustrative research studies are summarized in a predominantly chronological order with a commentary at the end of each section that identifies unanswered questions and suggests future research directions. In the second section, four particular lessons learned by the author over the course of a scholarly career are identified and explained.

Address correspondence to hornts@miamioh.edu.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Kinesiology Review

Cover Kinesiology Review

  • Agans, J.P., Vest Ettekal, A., Erickson, K., & Lerner, R.M. (2016). Positive youth development through sport: A relational developmental systems approach. In N.L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport (2nd ed., pp. 34–44). Routledge.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms, goal structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 261–271.

  • Amorose, A.J., & Horn, T.S. (2000). Intrinsic motivation: Relationships with collegiate athletes’ gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches’ behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(1), 63–84.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Amorose, A.J., & Horn, T.S. (2001). Pre- to post-season changes in the intrinsic motivation of first year college athletes: Relationships with coaching behavior and scholarship status. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(4), 355–373.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: Development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 193–216. PubMed ID: 20479478

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bem, S.L. (1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8(4), 598–616.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blazo, J.A., & Smith, A.L. (2018). A systematic review of siblings and physical activity experiences. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 122–159.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brgoch, S.M., Lower-Hoppe, L.M., Newman, T.J., & Hutton, T.A. (2020). Exploring team captain roles associated with athlete leadership classifications: Perspectives from collegiate coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 43(1), 28–49.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brophy J., & Good, T. (1970). Teachers’ communication of differential expectations for children’s classroom performance: Some behavioral data. Journal of Educational Psychology, 61(5), 365–374.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cardinal, B.J. (2013). Service vs. serve-us: What will your legacy be? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 84(5), 4–6.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carron, A.V., Hausenblas, H.A., & Eys, M.A. (2005). Group dynamics in sport (3rd ed.). Book Crafters.

  • Chelladurai, P. (1980). Leadership in sports organizations. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 5, 226–231.

  • Chelladurai, P. (2007). Leadership in sports. In G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 113–135). John Wiley.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(1), 34–45.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cotterill, S.T., & Fransen, K. (2016). Athlete leadership in sport teams: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 116–133.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Deci, E.L. (2001). The sport climate questionnaire. http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/auton_sport.html

  • Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. Plenum Press.

  • Dempsey, J.M., Kimiecik, J.C., & Horn, T.S. (1993). Parental influence on children’s moderate to vigorous physical activity participation: An expectancy-value approach. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5(2) 151–167.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dorsch, T.E., Smith, A.L., Blazo, J.A., Coakley, J., Cote, J., Wagstaff, C.R.D., Warner, S., & King, M.Q. (2020). Toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. Advance online publication.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duda, J.L., & Balaguer, I. (2007). Coach-created motivational climate. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 117–130). Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duguay, A.M., Loughead, T.M., & Cook, J.M. (2019). Athlete leadership as a shared process: Using a Social-Network Approach to examine athlete leadership in competitive female youth soccer teams. The Sport Psychologist, 33(3), 189–202.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eccles, J.S., & Wigfield, A. (2020). From expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: A developmental, social, cognitive, and sociocultural perspective on motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101859.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eccles, J.S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed.). (Vol. 3, pp. 1017–1095). Wiley.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eccles (Parsons), J.E., Adler, T.F., & Kaczala, C.M. (1982). Socialization of achievement attitudes and beliefs: Parental influences. Child Development, 53(2), 310–321.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eccles (Parsons), J.S., Adler, T.F., Futterman, R., Goff, S.B., Kaczala, C.M., Meece, J.L., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J.T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motivations (pp. 75–146). Freeman.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Evers, J. (2006). A comparison of female athletes and non-athletes from single-sex and coeducational Catholic institutions on self-perceptions, body image, and gender-related cognitive schemata (Master’s thesis). Miami University.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on team functioning and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101763.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fransen, K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2014). The myth of the team captain as principal leader: Extending the athlete leadership classification within sport teams. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(14), 1389–1397. PubMed ID: 24660668

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fredricks, J.A., & Eccles, J.S. (2004). Parental influences on youth involvement in sports. In M.R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 145–164). Fitness Information Technology.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Garcia Bengoechea, E. (2002). Integrating knowledge and expanding horizons in developmental sport psychology: A bioecological perspective. Quest, 54(1), 1–20.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Glenn, S., Horn, T., Campbell, W., & Burton, D. (2003). Interactive effects of perceived coach and peer leadership styles on young athletes’ psychosocial status and perceptions of team motivational climate. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 7.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Glenn, S.D., & Horn, T.S. (1993). Psychological and personal predictors of leadership behavior in female soccer athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5(1), 17–34.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goffena, J.D., & Horn, T.S. (2021). The relationship between coach behavior and athlete self-regulated learning. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(1), 3–15.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gould, D, Horn, T.S., & Weiss, M.R. (1981, June). The influence of modeling on the performance of motor tasks varying in information processing requirements. Paper presented at North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Asilomar, CA, United States.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harter, S. (1981). The development of competence motivation in the mastery of cognitive and physical skills: Is there still a place for joy? In G.C. Roberts & D.M. Landers (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport-1980 (pp. 3–29). Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective (2nd ed.). Guilford.

  • Horn, T.S. (1984). Expectancy effects in the interscholastic athletic setting: Methodological considerations. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6(1), 60–76.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (1985). Coaches’ feedback and changes in children’s perceptions of their physical competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(2), 174–186.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (Ed.). (1992). Advances in sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

  • Horn, T.S. (2004a). Developmental perspectives on self-perceptions in children and adolescents. In M.R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 101–143). Fitness Information Technology.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (2004b). Lifespan development in sport and exercise psychology: Theoretical perspectives. In M.R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology (pp. 27–71). Fitness Information Technology.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (2008). Coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. In T.S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 239–267). Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (2011). Multiple pathways to knowledge generation: Qualitative and quantitative research approaches in sport and exercise psychology. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health, 3(3), 291–304.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (2015). Social psychological and developmental perspectives on early sport specialization. Kinesiology Review, 4(3) 248–266.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. (2019). Learning to take joy and perceive competence in physical movement: Origins in early childhood. Kinesiology Review, 8(1), 40–47.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., & Amorose, A.J. (1998). Sources of competence information. In J.L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 49–64). Fitness Information Technology.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Bloom, P., Berglund, K.M., & Packard, S. (2011). Relationship between collegiate athletes’ psychological characteristics and their preferences for different types of coaching behavior. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 190–211.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Byrd, M., Martin, E., & Young, C. (2012). Perceived motivational climate and team cohesion in adolescent athletes. Sport Science Review, 21(3-4), 25–48.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., & Claytor, R.P. (1993). Developmental aspects of exercise psychology. In P. Seraganian (Ed.), Exercise psychology: The influence of physical exercise on psychological processes (pp. 299–338). John Wiley & Sons.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Claytor, R.P., Harris, A., Gabbard, S., & Brown, J. (1995). Physical and psychological predictors of stress reactivity in adolescent males. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), S61.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Glenn, S.D., & Campbell, W. (2010). Perceived peer leadership behaviors: Links with adolescent female athletes’ anxiety and goal orientation. Sport Science Review, 19(3–4), 239–263.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Glenn, S.D., & Wentzell A.B. (1993). Sources of information underlying personal ability judgments in high school athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5(3), 263–274.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., & Hasbrook, C.A. (1986). Informational components influencing children’s perceptions of their physical competence. In M.R. Weiss & D. Gould (Eds.), Sport for children and youth: Proceedings of the 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress (pp. 81–88). Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., & Hasbrook, C.A. (1987). Psychological characteristics and the criteria children use for self-evaluation. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(3), 208–221.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., & Horn, J.L. (2007). Family influences on children’s sport and physical activity participation, behavior, and psychosocial responses. In G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 685–711). John Wiley.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Kimiecik, J., & Bloom, P. (2003). Relating parents’ gender-role stereotypic beliefs to their children’s physical activity perceptions and behaviors. (Symposium Presentation). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 14.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., & Newton, J.L. (2019). Developmentally based perspectives on motivated behavior in sport and physical activity contexts. In T.S. Horn & A.L. Smith (Eds.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology (4th ed., pp. 313–331). Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Newton, J.L., & Evers, J. (2011). Gender conceptualizations in female high school seniors: Relationships with global self-worth and multiple measures of body image. Sex Roles, 65(5–6), 383–396.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S., Newton, J.N., & Lox, C. (2021). The self-fulfilling prophecy theory: When coaches’ expectations become reality. In J. M. Williams & V. Krane (Eds), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Horn, T.S. & Smith, A. L. (Eds.). (2019). Advances in sport and exercise psychology (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.

  • Horn, T.S., & Weiss, M.R. (1991). A developmental analysis of children’s self-ability judgments in the physical domain. Pediatric Exercise Science, 3(4), 310–326.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Iannotti, R.J., Claytor, R.P., Horn, T.S., & Chen R. (2004). Heart rate monitoring as a measure of physical activity in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(11), 1964–1971. PubMed ID: 15514514

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kimiecik, J., Horn, T., Newman, T.J., & Kimiecik, C.M. (2020). Moving adolescents for a lifetime of physical activity: Shifting to interventions aligned with the third health revolution. Health Psychology Review, 14(4), 486–503. PubMed ID: 31814512

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kimiecik, J.C., & Horn, T.S. (1998). Parental beliefs and children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Parental beliefs and children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(2), 163–175. PubMed ID: 9635330

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kimiecik, J.C., & Horn, T.S. (2012). Examining the relationship between family context and children’s physical activity beliefs: The role of parenting style. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(1), 10–18.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kimiecik, J.C., & Horn, T.S. (2017). The big motivational picture: Examining the relationship between positive intrapersonal processes and adolescent health-promoting behaviors. Applied Developmental Science, 21(1), 42–57.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kimiecik, J.C., Horn, T.S., & Shurin, C.S. (1996). Relationships among children’s beliefs, perceptions of their parents’ beliefs, and their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(3), 324–336. PubMed ID: 8888421

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kitsantas, A. & Kavussanu, M. (2011). Acquisition of sport knowledge and skill: The role of self-regulatory processes. In B.J. Zimmerman & D.H. Schunk (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulated learning and performance (pp. 217–233). Taylor & Francis.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knudson, D. (2016). Mentoring excellence in the Kinesiology Academy. Quest, 68(2), 151–158.

  • Lee, M., Coburn, T., & Partridge, R. (1983). The influence of team structure in determining leadership function in association football. Journal of Sport Behavior, 6(2), 59–66.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loughead, T.M. (2017). Athlete leadership: A review of the theoretical, measurement, and empirical literature. Current Opinions in Psychology, 16, 58–61. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.014

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loughead, T.M., Fransen, K., Van Puyenbroeck, S., Hoffmann, M.D., De Cuyper, B., Vanbeselaere, B., & Boen, F (2016). An examination of the relationship between athlete leadership and cohesion using social network analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(21), 2063–2073. PubMed ID: 26902840

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loughead, T.M., & Hardy, J. (2005). An examination of coach and peer leader behaviors in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(3), 303–312.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mageau, G.A., & Vallerand, R.J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(11), 883–904. PubMed ID: 14626368 .

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mellano, K.T., Horn, T.S., & Mann, M. (2021). Examining the relationship between coaches’ leadership styles and feedback behaviors and changes in athletes’ levels of burnout over a competitive season. Manuscript in preparation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moran, M.M., & Weiss, M.R. (2006). Peer leadership in sport: Links with friendship, peer acceptance, psychological characteristics, and athletic ability. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(2) 97–113.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Muenks, K., Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J.S. (2018). I can do this! The development and calibration of children’s expectations for success and competence beliefs. Developmental Review, 48, 24–39.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Napper-Owen, G. (2012). The forty-sixth Amy Morris Homans Commemorative Lecture 2021: Raising the next generation. Quest, 64(3), 131–140.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Newton, M., Duda, J.L., & Yin, Z. (2000). Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(4), 275–290. PubMed ID: 10824644

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Osai, K.V., Dorsch, T.E., & Whiteman, S.D. (2020). “To be or not to be, that is the question”: Modeling and differentiation among siblings participating in organized youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42(6), 500–510.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pappas, G., Horn, T.S., Zullig, K., Fenton, L., Varacallo, N., & Machida, M. (2007, October). Changes over a competitive season in collegiate athletes’ perceived quality of life as predicted by their perceptions of their coaches’ behavior. Poster presented at Association for Applied Sport Psychology Annual Conference, Louisville, KY, United States.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pelletier, L., Fortier, M., Vallerand, R., & Briere, N. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25(4), 279–306.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rejeski, W., Darracott, C., & Hutslar, S. (1979). Pygmalion in youth sport: A field study. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(4), 311–319.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2007). Active human nature: Self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. In M.S. Hagger & N.L.D. Chatzisrantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 1–19). Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Curtis, B. (1979). Coach effectiveness training: A cognitive-behavioral approach to enhancing relationship skills in youth sport coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(1), 59–75. doi:10.1123/jsp.1.1.59

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Hunt, E.B. (1977). A system for the behavioral assessment of athletic coaches. Research Quarterly, 48, 401–407. PubMed ID: 267981

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sothmann, M.S., Hart, B.A., & Horn, T.S. (1991). Plasma catecholamine response to acute psychological stress in humans: Relation to aerobic fitness and exercise training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(7), 860–867. PubMed ID: 1921680

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sothmann, M.S., Hart, B.A., & Horn T.S. (1995). Selected psychophysiological stress responses in men with high and low body fatness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(3), 417–422. PubMed ID: 7752870

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sothmann, M.S., Horn, T.S., Hart, B.A., & Gustafson, A.B. (1987). Comparison of discrete cardiovascular fitness groups on plasma catecholamine and selected behavioral responses to psychological stress. Psychophysiology, 24(1), 47–54. PubMed ID: 3575594

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Strachan, L., Fraser-Thomas, J., & Nelson-Ferguson, K. (2016). An ecological perspective on high performance sport and positive youth development. In N.L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport (2nd ed., pp. 57–68). Routledge.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weiss, M.R. (2019). Youth sport motivation and participation: Paradigms, perspectives, and practicalities. Kinesiology Review, 8(3) 162–170.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weiss, M.R., Ebbeck, V., & Horn, T.S. (1997). Children’s self-perceptions and sources of physical competence information: A cluster analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(1), 52–70.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weiss, M.R., & Horn, T.S. (1990). The relation between children’s accuracy estimates of their physical competence and achievement-related characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 61(3), 250–258. PubMed ID: 2097681

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J.S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12(3), 265–310.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zimmerman, B.J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social-cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–42). Academic Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zullig, K.J., Valois, R.F., & Horn, T. (2012). Association between sport participation and youth developmental assets among public high school students. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual, 27, 1–32.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 2801 2417 16
Full Text Views 15 6 1
PDF Downloads 26 9 1