Overcoming the “Ostrich Effect”: A Narrative Review on the Incentives and Consequences of Questionable Research Practices in Kinesiology

in Kinesiology Review

Click name to view affiliation

Nicholas B. Tiller Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

Search for other papers by Nicholas B. Tiller in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8429-658X *
and
Panteleimon Ekkekakis Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Search for other papers by Panteleimon Ekkekakis in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-4702
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2022-0039
Keywords:
ethics; exercise; health; methods; science; statistics
First Published Online:
27 Apr 2023
In Print:
Volume 12: Issue 3
Page Range:
201–216
Restricted access

Increasing transparency and openness in science is an ongoing endeavor, one that has stimulated self-reflection and reform in many fields. However, kinesiology and its related disciplines are among those exhibiting an “ostrich effect” and a reluctance to acknowledge their methodological shortcomings. Notwithstanding several high-profile cases of scientific misconduct, scholars in the field are frequently engaged in questionable research practices (QRPs) such as biased experimental designs, inappropriate statistics, and dishonest/inexplicit reporting. To advance their careers, researchers are also “gaming the system” by manipulating citation metrics and publishing in predatory and/or pay-to-publish journals that lack robust peer review. The consequences of QRPs in the discipline may be profound: from increasing the false positivity rate to eroding public trust in the very institutions tasked with informing public health policy. But what are the incentives underpinning misconduct and QRPs? And what are the solutions? This narrative review is a consciousness raiser that explores (a) the manifestations of QRPs in kinesiology; (b) the excessive publication pressures, funding pressures, and performance incentives that are likely responsible; and (c) possible solutions for reform.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Kinesiology Review

Cover Kinesiology Review

  • Abt, G., Boreham, C., Davison, G., Jackson, R., Nevill, A., Wallace, E., & Williams, M. (2020). Power, precision, and sample size estimation in sport and exercise science research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(17), 1933–1935. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1776002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Abt, G., Jobson, S., Morin, J.-B., Passfield, L., Sampaio, J., Sunderland, C., & Twist, C. (2022). Raising the bar in sports performance research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.2024334

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Altman, D.G., Gore, S.M., Gardner, M.J., & Pocock, S.J. (1983). Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals. British Medical Journal, 286(6376), 1489–1493. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.286.6376.1489

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 2020: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Andersen, M.B., McCullagh, P., & Wilson, G.J. (2007). But what do the numbers really tell us? Arbitrary metrics and effect size reporting in sport psychology research. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29(5), 664–672. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.5.664

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Andrade, C. (2015). The primary outcome measure and its importance in clinical trials. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(10), e1320–e1323. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15f10377

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Aslam, A., Imanullah, S., Asim, M., & El-Menyar, A. (2013). Registration of clinical trials: Is it really needed? North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(12), 713–715. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.123266

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Atkinson, G., & Batterham, A.M. (2015). True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention. Experimental Physiology, 100(6), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP085070

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Atkinson, G., Loenneke, J.P., Fahs, C.A., Abe, T., & Rossow, L.M. (2015). Individual differences in the exercise-mediated blood pressure response: Regression to the mean in disguise? Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 35(6), 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12211

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A.M. (2001). Selected issues in the design and analysis of sport performance research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(10), 811–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101317015447

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Atkinson, G., Williamson, P., & Batterham, A.M. (2019). Issues in the determination of “responders” and “non-responders” in physiological research. Experimental Physiology, 104(8), 1215–1225. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087712

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bachynski, K.E., & Smoliga, J.M. (2021). Pseudomedicine for sports concussions in the USA. The Lancet Neurology, 20(10), 791–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30250-9

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Barlow, P., Serôdio, P., Ruskin, G., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2018). Science organisations and Coca-Cola’s “war” with the public health community: Insights from an internal industry document. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(9), 761–763. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210375

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baugh, F. (2002). Correcting effect sizes for score reliability: A reminder that measurement and substantive issues are linked inextricably. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(2), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402062002004

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Begley, C.G., & Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2015). Reproducibility in science: Improving the standard for basic and preclinical research. Circulation Research, 116(1), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303819

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bernard, C. (2019). Changing the way we report, interpret, and discuss our results to rebuild trust in our research. ENeuro, 6(4), Article 2019. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0259-19.2019

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bernards, J.R., Sato, K., Haff, G.G., & Bazyler, C.D. (2017). Current research and statistical practices in sport science and a need for change. Sports, 5(4), Article 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5040087

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bes-Rastrollo, M., Schulze, M.B., Ruiz-Canela, M., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (2013). Financial conflicts of interest and reporting bias regarding the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review of systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine, 10(12), Article 1001578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001578

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Biagioli, M., & Lippman, A. (2020). Gaming the metrics: Misconduct and manipulation in academic research. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11087.001.0001

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bishop, D. (2008). An applied research model for the sport sciences. Sports Medicine, 38(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838030-00005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bleakley, C., & MacAuley, D. (2002). The quality of research in sports journals. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(2), 124–125. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.2.124

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Blumenthal, J.A., Smith, P.J., Mabe, S., Hinderliter, A., Lin, P.-H., Liao, L., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Browndyke, J.N., Kraus, W.E., Doraiswamy, P.M., Burke, J.R., & Sherwood, A. (2019). Lifestyle and neurocognition in older adults with cognitive impairments: A randomized trial. Neurology, 92(3), e212–e223. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006784

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bonafiglia, J.T., Islam, H., Preobrazenski, N., & Gurd, B.J. (2022). Risk of bias and reporting practices in studies comparing VO2max responses to sprint interval vs. continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(5), 552–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brainard, J. (2020). Articles in “predatory” journals receive few or no citations. Science, 367(6474), Article 129. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6474.129

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brischoux, F., & Angelier, F. (2015). Academia’s never-ending selection for productivity. Scientometrics, 103(1), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1534-5

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Büttner, F., Toomey, E., McClean, S., Roe, M., & Delahunt, E. (2020). Are questionable research practices facilitating new discoveries in sport and exercise medicine? The proportion of supported hypotheses is implausibly high. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(22), 1365–1371. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101863

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Caldwell, A.R., Vigotsky, A.D., Tenan, M.S., Radel, R., Mellor, D.T., Kreutzer, A., Lahart, I. M., Mills, J.P., Boisgontier, M.P., & Consortium for Transparency in Exercise Science (COTES) Collaborators. (2020). Moving sport and exercise science forward: A call for the adoption of more transparent research practices. Sports Medicine, 50(3), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01227-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Callaway, E. (2011). Fraud investigation rocks Danish university. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2011.703

  • Chahal, J., Tomescu, S.S., Ravi, B., Bach, B.R., Ogilvie-Harris, D., Mohamed, N.N., & Gandhi, R. (2012). Publication of sports medicine-related randomized controlled trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(9), 1970–1977. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512448363

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chan, A.-W., Hróbjartsson, A., Jørgensen, K.J., Gøtzsche, P.C., & Altman, D.G. (2008). Discrepancies in sample size calculations and data analyses reported in randomised trials: Comparison of publications with protocols. BMJ, 337, Article 2299. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2299

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Charles, P., Giraudeau, B., Dechartres, A., Baron, G., & Ravaud, P. (2009). Reporting of sample size calculation in randomised controlled trials: Review. BMJ, 338, Article 1732. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1732

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Charter, R.A. (1997). Effect on measurement error on tests of statistical significance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19(3), 458–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639708403872

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Christensen, J.E., & Christensen, C.E. (1977). Statistical power analysis of health, physical education, and recreation research. Research Quarterly, 48(1), 204–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1977.10762173

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Colloca, L. (2019). The placebo effect in pain therapies. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 59, 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021542

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coursol, A., & Wagner, E.E. (1986). Effect of positive findings on submission and acceptance rates: A note on meta-analysis bias. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17(2), 136–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.17.2.136

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cumming, G. (2008). Replication and p intervals: p values predict the future only vaguely, but confidence intervals do much better. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00079.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cumming, G., Fidler, F., Kalinowski, P., & Lai, J. (2012). The statistical recommendations of the American psychological association publication manual: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta‐analysis. Australian Journal of Psychology, 64, 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00037.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curran-Everett, D. (2016). Explorations in statistics: Statistical facets of reproducibility. Advances in Physiology Education, 40(2), 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00042.2016

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curran-Everett, D., & Benos, D.J. (2007). Guidelines for reporting statistics in journals published by the American Physiological Society: The sequel. Advances in Physiology Education, 31(4), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00022.2007

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dahlberg, J.E., & Mahler, C.C. (2006). The Poehlman case: Running away from the truth. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12(1), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-006-0016-9

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dalton, R. (2005). Obesity expert owns up to million-dollar crime. Nature, 434, Article 424. https://doi.org/10.1038/434424a

  • Del Coso, J., Lara, B., Ruiz-Moreno, C., & Salinero, J.J. (2019). Challenging the Myth of non-response to the ergogenic effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance. Nutrients, 11(4), Article 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040732

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Desharnais, R., Jobin, J., Côté, C., Lévesque, L., & Godin, G. (1993). Aerobic exercise and the placebo effect: A controlled study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199303000-00003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Diels, J., Cunha, M., Manaia, C., Sabugosa-Madeira, B., & Silva, M. (2011). Association of financial or professional conflict of interest to research outcomes on health risks or nutritional assessment studies of genetically modified products. Food Policy, 36(2), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.016

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dinis-Oliveira, R.J., & Magalhães, T. (2016). The inherent drawbacks of the pressure to publish in health sciences: Good or bad science. F1000Research, 4, 419. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6809.2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Diong, J., Butler, A.A., Gandevia, S.C., & Héroux, M.E. (2018). Poor statistical reporting, inadequate data presentation and spin persist despite editorial advice. PLoS One, 13(8), Article 0202121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202121

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DuBois, J.M., Dueker, J.M., Anderson, E.E., & Campbell, J. (2008). The development and assessment of an NIH-funded research ethics training program. Academic Medicine, 83(6), 596–603. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181723095

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dumas-Mallet, E., Button, K.S., Boraud, T., Gonon, F., & Munafò, M.R. (2017). Low statistical power in biomedical science: A review of three human research domains. Royal Society Open Science, 4(2), Article 160254. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160254

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Earnest, C.P., Roberts, B.M., Harnish, C.R., Kutz, J.L., Cholewa, J.M., & Johannsen, N.M. (2018). Reporting characteristics in sports nutrition. Sports, 6(4), Article 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040139

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Edwards, M.A., & Roy, S. (2016). Academic research in the 21st century: Maintaining scientific integrity in a climate of perverse incentives and hypercompetition. Environmental Engineering Science, 34(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2016.0223

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eisenmann, J. (2017). Translational gap between laboratory and playing field: New era to solve old problems in sports science. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 2(8), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1249/TJX.0000000000000032

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ekkekakis, P., & Tiller, N.B. (2022). Extraordinary claims in the literature on high-intensity interval training: II. Are the extraordinary claims supported by extraordinary evidence? Kinesiology Review, 1, Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2022-0003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Errington, T.M., Mathur, M., Soderberg, C.K., Denis, A., Perfito, N., Iorns, E., & Nosek, B.A. (2021). Investigating the replicability of preclinical cancer biology. ELife, 10, Article 71601. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71601

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fanelli, D. (2009). How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PLoS One, 4(5), Article 5738. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005738

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fanelli, D. (2010). “Positive” results increase down the hierarchy of the sciences. PLoS One, 5(4), Article 10068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010068

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fanelli, D., Costas, R., & Larivière, V. (2015). Misconduct policies, academic culture and career stage, not gender or pressures to publish, affect scientific integrity. PLoS One, 10(6), Article 0127556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127556

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fisher, R.A. (1926). The arrangement of field experiments. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, 33, 503–515. https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.8v61q

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Flanagin, A., Fontanarosa, P.B., & Bauchner, H. (2020). Preprints involving medical research-do the benefits outweigh the challenges? JAMA, 324(18), 1840–1843. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20674

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Franco, A., Malhotra, N., & Simonovits, G. (2014). Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer. Science, 345(6203), 1502–1505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255484

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Freemantle, N. (2001). Interpreting the results of secondary end points and subgroup analyses in clinical trials: Should we lock the crazy aunt in the attic? BMJ, 322(7292), 989–991. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7292.989

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gandevia, S. (2021). Publications, replication and statistics in physiology plus two neglected curves. The Journal of Physiology, 599(6), 1719–1721. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP281360

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gardner, M.J., Altman, D.G., Jones, D.R., & Machin, D. (1983). Is the statistical assessment of papers submitted to the “British Medical Journal” effective? BMJ, 286(6376), 1485–1488. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.286.6376.1485

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Garvican, L.A., Pottgiesser, T., Martin, D.T., Schumacher, Y.O., Barras, M., & Gore, C.J. (2011). The contribution of haemoglobin mass to increases in cycling performance induced by simulated LHTL. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1732-z

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gaspar, D.E.P., & Esteves, M.D.L. (2021). Awareness of the Misconduct in Sports Science Research. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 9(3), Article 934. https://doi.org/10.52547/aassjournal.934

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gasparyan, A.Y., Ayvazyan, L., Akazhanov, N.A., & Kitas, G.D. (2014). Self-correction in biomedical publications and the scientific impact. Croatian Medical Journal, 55(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2014.55.61

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gerrits, R.G., Jansen, T., Mulyanto, J., Berg, M.J., van den, Klazinga, N.S., & Kringos, D.S. (2019). Occurrence and nature of questionable research practices in the reporting of messages and conclusions in international scientific Health Services Research publications: A structured assessment of publications authored by researchers in the Netherlands. BMJ Open, 9(5), Article 027903. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027903

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gibbs, K.D., & Griffin, K.A. (2013). What do I want to be with my PhD? The roles of personal values and structural dynamics in shaping the career interests of recent biomedical science PhD Graduates. CBE Life Sciences Education, 12(4), 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-02-0021

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gibbs, N.M., & Gibbs, S.V. (2015). Misuse of “trend” to describe “almost significant” differences in anaesthesia research. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 115(3), 337–339. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aev149

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goodman, S.N. (1992). A comment on replication, P-values and evidence. Statistics in Medicine, 11(7), 875–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780110705

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gopalakrishna, G., Ter Riet, G., Vink, G., Stoop, I., Wicherts, J.M., & Bouter, L.M. (2022). Prevalence of questionable research practices, research misconduct and their potential explanatory factors: A survey among academic researchers in The Netherlands. PLoS One, 17(2), Article 0263023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263023

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Groenwold, R.H.H., & Dekkers, O.M. (2020). Measurement error in clinical research, yes it matters. European Journal of Endocrinology, 183(3), E3–E5. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-0550

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Halperin, I., Vigotsky, A.D., Foster, C., & Pyne, D.B. (2018). Strengthening the practice of exercise and sport-science research. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0322

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harris, J.D., Cvetanovich, G., Erickson, B.J., Abrams, G.D., Chahal, J., Gupta, A.K., McCormick, F.M., & Bach, B.R. (2014). Current status of evidence-based sports medicine. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 30(3), 362–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.11.015

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L., de Rijcke, S., & Rafols, I. (2015). Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics. Nature, 520(7548), 429–431. https://doi.org/10.1038/520429a

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Higginson, A.D., & Munafò, M.R. (2016). Current incentives for scientists lead to underpowered studies with erroneous conclusions. PLoS Biology, 14(11), Article 2000995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000995

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hopkins, W.G., Marshall, S.W., Batterham, A.M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), Article 124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ioannidis, J.P.A., Boyack, K.W., & Baas, J. (2020). Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators. PLoS Biology, 18(10), Article 3000918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ioannidis, J.P.A., Ntzani, E.E., Trikalinos, T.A., & Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D.G. (2001). Replication validity of genetic association studies. Nature Genetics, 29(3), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng749

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Islam, H., & Gurd, B.J. (2020). Exercise response variability: Random error or true differences in exercise response? Experimental Physiology, 105(12), 2022–2024. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP089015

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • John, L.K., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2012). Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling. Psychological Science, 23(5), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611430953

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, S.R., Carley, S., & Harrison, M. (2003). An introduction to power and sample size estimation. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20(5), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.5.453

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kardeş, S., Levack, W., Özkuk, K., Atmaca Aydın, E., & Seringeç Karabulut, S. (2020). Retractions in rehabilitation and sport sciences journals: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(11), 1980–1990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.03.010

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kerr, N.L. (1998). HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(3), 196–217. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Khatra, O., Shadgan, A., Taunton, J., Pakravan, A., & Shadgan, B. (2021). A bibliometric analysis of the top cited articles in sports and exercise medicine. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(1), Article 9902. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120969902

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kidwell, M.C., Lazarević, L.B., Baranski, E., Hardwicke, T.E., Piechowski, S., Falkenberg, L.-S., Kennett, C., Slowik, A., Sonnleitner, C., Hess-Holden, C., Errington, T.M., Fiedler, S., & Nosek, B.A. (2016). Badges to acknowledge open practices: A simple, low-cost, effective method for increasing transparency. PLoS Biology, 14(5), Article 1002456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • King, E.G., Oransky, I., Sachs, T.E., Farber, A., Flynn, D.B., Abritis, A., Kalish, J.A., & Siracuse, J.J. (2018). Analysis of retracted articles in the surgical literature. American Journal of Surgery, 216(5), 851–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.11.033

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kintisch, E. (2006). Poehlman sentenced to 1 year of prison. Science. Org. https://www.science.org/content/article/poehlman-sentenced-1-year-prison

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kiss, A., Temesi, Á., Tompa, O., Lakner, Z., & Soós, S. (2021). Structure and trends of international sport nutrition research between 2000 and 2018: Bibliometric mapping of sport nutrition science. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00409-5

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Klimentidis, Y.C., Raichlen, D.A., Bea, J., Garcia, D.O., Wineinger, N.E., Mandarino, L.J., Alexander, G.E., Chen, Z., & Going, S.B. (2018). Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE. International Journal of Obesity, 42(6), 1161–1176. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0120-3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knudson, D. (2009). Significant and meaningful effects in sports biomechanics research. Sports Biomechanics, 8(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140802629966

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knudson, D. (2012). Twenty-year trends of authorship and sampling in applied biomechanics research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.2466/11.PMS.114.1.16-20

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knudson, D. (2017a). Twenty years of authorship, sampling, and references in kinesiology research reports. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 1(2), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/24711616.2017.1282760

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knudson, D. (2017b). Confidence crisis of results in biomechanics research. Sports Biomechanics, 16(4), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1246603

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knudson, D. (2019). Judicious use of bibliometrics to supplement peer evaluations of research in kinesiology. Kinesiology Review, 8(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1123/kr.2017-0046

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kondro, W. (2005). Université de Montréal in the dark about fraud. CMAJ, 172(10), 1278–1278-a. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050455

  • Krans, B. (2022). Lawsuit: Coca-Cola fake ads about obesity. Healthline. Com. https://www.healthline.com/health/coca-cola-false-advertising-unhealthy-drinks

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Landhuis, E. (2016). Scientific literature: Information overload. Nature, 535, 457–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/nj7612-457a

  • Lesser, L.I., Ebbeling, C.B., Goozner, M., Wypij, D., & Ludwig, D.S. (2007). Relationship between funding source and conclusion among nutrition-related scientific articles. PLoS Medicine, 4(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lohse, K.R., Sainani, K.L., Taylor, J.A., Butson, M.L., Knight, E.J., & Vickers, A.J. (2020). Systematic review of the use of “magnitude-based inference” in sports science and medicine. PLoS One, 15(6), Article 0235318. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235318

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loken, E., & Gelman, A. (2017). Measurement error and the replication crisis. Science, 355(6325), 584–585. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal3618

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lucas, M. (2015). Conflicts of interest in nutritional sciences: The forgotten bias in meta-analysis. World Journal of Methodology, 5(4), 175–178. https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v5.i4.175

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Maggio, L., Dong, T., Driessen, E., & Artino, A. (2019). Factors associated with scientific misconduct and questionable research practices in health professions education. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0501-x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mallapaty, S. (2020). China bans cash rewards for publishing papers. Nature, 579, 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00574-8

  • Marticorena, F.M., Carvalho, A., Oliveira, L.F.D., Dolan, E., Gualano, B., Swinton, P., & Saunders, B. (2021). Nonplacebo controls to determine the magnitude of ergogenic interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(8), 1766–1777. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002635

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martin, J.J. (2020). Grants: The good, the bad, the ugly, and the puzzling. Kinesiology Review, 10(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2020-0013

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mattioni Maturana, F., Martus, P., Zipfel, S., & NIEß, A.M. (2021). Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in improving cardiometabolic risk factors in health and disease: A meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(3), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002506

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Montero, D., & Lundby, C. (2017). Refuting the myth of non‐response to exercise training: ‘Non‐responders’ do respond to higher dose of training. The Journal of Physiology, 595(11), 3377–3387. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273480

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moylan, E.C., & Kowalczuk, M.K. (2016). Why articles are retracted: A retrospective cross-sectional study of retraction notices at BioMed Central. BMJ Open, 6(11), Article 012047. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012047

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Munafò, M.R., Nosek, B.A., Bishop, D.V.M., Button, K.S., Chambers, C.D., du Sert, N.P., Simonsohn, U., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ware, J.J., & Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2017). A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, Article 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-016-0021

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Murphy, J., Mesquida, C., Caldwell, A.R., Earp, B.D., & Warne, J.P. (2023). Proposal of a selection protocol for replication of studies in sports and exercise science. Sports Medicine, 53, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01749-1

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nagele, P. (2003). Misuse of standard error of the mean (SEM) when reporting variability of a sample. A critical evaluation of four anaesthesia journals. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 90(4), 514–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeg087

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nosek, B. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), Article 4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nosek, B.A., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2012). Scientific Utopia: I. Opening scientific communication. ArXiv:1205.1055[Physics]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.1055

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nosek, B.A., Spies, J.R., & Motyl, M. (2012). Scientific Utopia: II. Restructuring incentives and practices to promote truth over publishability. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 7(6), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459058

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Open Science Collaboration. (2015). PSYCHOLOGY. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), Article 4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pabst, S., Brand, M., & Wolf, O.T. (2013). Stress effects on framed decisions: There are differences for gains and losses. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, Article 142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00142

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Padilla, J., Leary, E., & Limberg, J.K. (2021). Identifying responders versus non-responders: Incorporation of controls is required for sound statistical inference. Experimental Physiology, 106(2), 375–376. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP089142

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Prom-Wormley, E., Adkins, A., Waldman, I.D., & Dick, D. (2017). Critical Issues in Genetic Association Studies. Psychological science under scrutiny (pp. 221–249). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119095910.ch12

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Quan, W., Chen, B., & Shu, F. (2017). Publish or impoverish: An investigation of the monetary reward system of science in China (1999–2016). Aslib Journal of Information Management, 69(5), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-01-2017-0014

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robertson, P.S. (2020). Man & machine: Adaptive tools for the contemporary performance analyst. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(18), 2118–2126. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1774143

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sabroe, I., Dockrell, D.H., Vogel, S.N., Renshaw, S.A., Whyte, M.K.B., & Dower, S.K. (2007). Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nature Reviews Immunology, 7(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1999

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sainani, K., & Chamari, K. (2022). Wish list for improving the quality of statistics in sport science. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(5), 673–674. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0023

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sainani, K.L., Borg, D.N., Caldwell, A.R., Butson, M.L., Tenan, M.S., Vickers, A.J., Vigotsky, A.D., Warmenhoven, J., Nguyen, R., Lohse, K.R., Knight, E.J., & Bargary, N. (2021). Call to increase statistical collaboration in sports science, sport and exercise medicine and sports physiotherapy. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(2), 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102607

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sarabipour, S., Debat, H.J., Emmott, E., Burgess, S.J., Schwessinger, B., & Hensel, Z. (2019). On the value of preprints: An early career researcher perspective. PLoS Biology, 17(2), Article 3000151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000151

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Scheel, A.M., Schijen, M., & Lakens, D. (2020). An excess of positive results: Comparing the standard Psychology literature with Registered Reports. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p6e9c

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schmid, S.L. (2017). Five years post-DORA: Promoting best practices for research assessment. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 28(22), 2941–2944. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E17-08-0534

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., & CONSORT Group. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-18

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schulz, R., Langen, G., Prill, R., Cassel, M., & Weissgerber, T.L. (2022). Reporting and transparent research practices in sports medicine and orthopaedic clinical trials: A meta-research study. BMJ Open, 12(8), Article 059347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059347

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Serodio, P., Ruskin, G., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2020). Evaluating Coca-Cola’s attempts to influence public health ‘in their own words’: Analysis of Coca-Cola emails with public health academics leading the Global Energy Balance Network. Public Health Nutrition, 23, Article 2098. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020002098

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Serra-Garcia, M., & Gneezy, U. (2021). Nonreplicable publications are cited more than replicable ones. Science Advances, 7(21), Article 1705. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1705

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shen, C., & Björk, B.-C. (2015). “Predatory” open access: A longitudinal study of article volumes and market characteristics. BMC Medicine, 13, Article 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0469-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Silberzahn, R., Uhlmann, E.L., Martin, D.P., Anselmi, P., Aust, F., Awtrey, E., Bahník, Š., Bai, F., Bannard, C., Bonnier, E., Carlsson, R., Cheung, F., Christensen, G., Clay, R., Craig, M.A., Dalla Rosa, A., Dam, L., Evans, M.H., Flores Cervantes, I., ... Nosek, B.A. (2018). Many analysts, one data set: Making transparent how variations in analytic choices affect results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(3), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Simmons, J.P., Nelson, L.D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smaldino, P.E., & McElreath, R. (2016). The natural selection of bad science. Royal Society Open Science, 3(9), Article 160384. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160384

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smoliga, J.M. (2020). Interpreting biomarker data after concussion and repeated subconcussive head impacts: Challenges in evaluating brain protection. JAMA Neurology, 77(12), 1477–1478. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3467

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Soderberg, C.K., Errington, T.M., Schiavone, S.R., Bottesini, J., Thorn, F.S., Vazire, S., Esterling, K.M., & Nosek, B.A. (2021). Initial evidence of research quality of registered reports compared with the standard publishing model. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 990–997. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01142-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sox, H.C., & Rennie, D. (2006). Research misconduct, retraction, and cleansing the medical literature: Lessons from the Poehlman case. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(8), 609–613. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-8-200604180-00123

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spence, J.C., & Blanchard, C. (2001). Publication bias in sport and exercise psychology: The games we play. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32(4), 386–399.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stanley, T.D., Carter, E.C., & Doucouliagos, H. (2018). What meta-analyses reveal about the replicability of psychological research. Psychological Bulletin, 144(12), 1325–1346. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000169

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Statista. (2020). Global sports nutrition & supplement market 2025. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/450168/global-sports-nutrition-market/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Steen, R.G. (2011). Misinformation in the medical literature: What role do error and fraud play? Journal of Medical Ethics, 37(8), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2010.041830

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sterling, T.D., Rosenbaum, W.L., & Weinkam, J.J. (1995). Publication decisions revisited: The effect of the outcome of statistical tests on the decision to publish and vice versa. The American Statistician, 49(1), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/2684823

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stuckler, D., Ruskin, G., & McKee, M. (2018). Complexity and conflicts of interest statements: A case-study of emails exchanged between Coca-Cola and the principal investigators of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). Journal of Public Health Policy, 39(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-017-0095-7

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Teo, Y.Y. (2008). Common statistical issues in genome-wide association studies: A review on power, data quality control, genotype calling and population structure. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 19(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f5dd77

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • The Economist. (2020). How to spot dodgy academic journals. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/05/30/how-to-spot-dodgy-academic-journals

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • The Society for Transparency, Openness, and Replication in Kinesiology. (n.d.). Reports in sport and exercise. Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://storkjournals.org/index.php/rrik

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomas, J.R., Salazar, W., & Landers, D.M. (1991). What is missing in p less than. 05? Effect size. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62(3), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608733

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thompson, B. (1996). AERA editorial policies regarding statistical significance testing: Three suggested reforms. Educational Researcher, 25(2), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176337

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tijdink, J.K., Verbeke, R., & Smulders, Y.M. (2014). Publication pressure and scientific misconduct in medical scientists. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 9(5), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1556264614552421

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tiller, N.B. (2020). The Skeptic’s guide to sports science: Confronting myths of the health and fitness industry. Routledge.

  • Tiller, N.B., Sullivan, J.P., & Ekkekakis, P. (2022). Baseless claims and pseudoscience in health and wellness: A call to action for the sports, exercise, and nutrition-science community. Sports Medicine, 53, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01702-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Twomey, R., Yingling, V., Warne, J., Schneider, C., McCrum, C., Atkins, W., Murphy, J., Medina, C.R., Harlley, S., & Caldwell, A. (2021). The nature of our literature: A registered report on the positive result rate and reporting practices in kinesiology. Communications in Kinesiology, 1(3), Article 43. https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.v1i3.43

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vagenas, G., Palaiothodorou, D., & Knudson, D. (2018). Thirty-year trends of study design and statistics in applied sports and exercise biomechanics research. International Journal of Exercise Science, 11(1), 239–259.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • van de Schoot, R., Winter, S.D., Griffioen, E., Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Arts, I., Veen, D., Grandfield, E.M., & Tummers, L.G. (2021). The use of questionable research practices to survive in academia examined with expert elicitation, prior-data conflicts, Bayes factors for replication effects, and the Bayes truth serum. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 621547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621547

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vankov, I., Bowers, J., & Munafò, M.R. (2014). Article commentary: On the persistence of low power in psychological science. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(5), 1037–1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.885986

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Van Noorden, R. (2010). Metrics: A profusion of measures. Nature, 465(7300), 864–866. https://doi.org/10.1038/465864a

  • Van Noorden, R., & Singh Chawla, D. (2019). Hundreds of extreme self-citing scientists revealed in new database. Nature, 572(7771), 578–579. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02479-7

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Viken, H., Reitlo, L.S., Zisko, N., Nauman, J., Aspvik, N.P., Ingebrigtsen, J.E., Wisløff, U., & Stensvold, D. (2019). Predictors of dropout in exercise trials in older adults: The generation 100 study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001742

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Walters, J. (2015). Nutrition experts alarmed by nonprofit downplaying role of junk food in obesity. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/11/obesity-junk-food-exercise-global-energy-balance-network-coca-cola

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wasserstein, R.L., & Lazar, N.A. (2016). The ASA statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70(2), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Watanabe, R.M. (2011). Statistical issues in gene association studies. Methods in Molecular Biology, 700, 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61737-954-3_2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wiedermann, C.J. (2016). Ethical publishing in intensive care medicine: A narrative review. World Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 5(3), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v5.i3.171

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Williams, C.J., Li, Z., Harvey, N., Lea, R.A., Gurd, B.J., Bonafiglia, J.T., Papadimitriou, I., Jacques, M., Croci, I., Stensvold, D., Wisloff, U., Taylor, J.L., Gajanand, T., Cox, E.R., Ramos, J.S., Fassett, R.G., Little, J.P., Francois, M.E., Hearon, C.M., ... Coombes, J.S. (2021). Genome wide association study of response to interval and continuous exercise training: The Predict-HIIT study. Journal of Biomedical Science, 28(1), Article 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-021-00733-7

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wood, J., Freemantle, N., King, M., & Nazareth, I. (2014). Trap of trends to statistical significance: Likelihood of near significant P value becoming more significant with extra data. BMJ, 348, Article 2215. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2215

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yong, E. (2012). Nobel laureate challenges psychologists to clean up their act. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11535

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1279 1279 252
Full Text Views 92 92 34
PDF Downloads 128 128 42