Concussion in Youth Sport: Developmental Aspects

in Kinesiology Review

Click name to view affiliation

Tracey Covassin
Search for other papers by Tracey Covassin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Kyle M. Petit
Search for other papers by Kyle M. Petit in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Morgan Anderson
Search for other papers by Morgan Anderson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a growing health concern, particularly in younger, at-risk athletic populations. These injuries commonly present with a wide range of clinical signs (i.e., poor coordination, behavioral, mood changes) and symptoms (i.e., headache, dizziness, difficulty concentrating), along with neurocognitive and vestibular/ocular impairments. This review of SRCs in youth athletes focuses on individuals 5–18 years of age and includes an overview of concussion (i.e., definition, signs/symptoms, epidemiology), as well as concussion education and awareness. This is followed by a review of SRC assessment and management strategies, along with common recovery, return-to-play, and treatment approaches. Finally, suggestions are made for future research and recommendations pertaining to SRC in youth athletes.

The authors are with the Dept. of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

Covassin covassin@msu.edu is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Alsalaheen, B.A., Mucha, A., Morris, L.O., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., Camiolo-Reddy, C.E., . . . Sparto, P.J. (2010). Vestibular rehabilitation for dizziness and balance disorders after concussion. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 34 ,8793. PubMed ID: 20588094 doi:10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181dde568

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Asken, B.M., Bauer, R.M., Guskiewicz, K.M., McCrea, M.A., Schmidt, J.D., Giza, C.C., . . . Svoboda, S. (2018). Immediate removal from activity after sport-related concussion is associated with shorter clinical recovery and less severe symptoms in collegiate student-athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 46 ,14651474. PubMed ID: 29558195 doi:10.1177/0363546518757984

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baker, J.G., Leddy, J.J., Darling, S.R., Shucard, J., Makdissi, M., & Willer, B.S. (2016). Gender differences in recovery from sports-related concussion in adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics, 55 ,771775. PubMed ID: 26378093 doi:10.1177/0009922815606417

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barrett, E.C., McBurney, M.I., & Ciappio, E.D. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. Advances in Nutrition, 5 ,268277. PubMed ID: 24829473 doi:10.3945/an.113.005280

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bauer, R., & Fritz, H. (2004). Pathophysiology of traumatic injury in the developing brain: An introduction and short update. Experimental Toxicology Pathology, 56(1–2), 6573. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2004.04.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blake, T.A., Doyle-Baker, P.K., Brooks, B.L., Palacios-Derflingher, L., & Emery, C.A. (2018). Physical activity and concussion risk in youth ice hockey players: Pooled prospective injury surveillance cohorts from Canada. British Medical Journal Open, 8(9), e022735. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022735

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cantu, R.C. (1998). Second-impact syndrome. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 17 ,3744. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70059-4

  • Caplan, B., Bogner, J., Brenner, L., Clausen, M., Pendergast, D.R., Willer, B., & Leddy, J. (2016). Cerebral blood flow during treadmill exercise is a marker of physiological postconcussion syndrome in female athletes. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31 ,215224. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000145

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carter, J.B., Banister, E.W., & Blaber, A.P. (2003). Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate. Sports Medicine, 33 ,3346. PubMed ID: 12477376 doi:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Traumatic brain injury & concussion: Basic information. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/symptoms.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chrisman, S.P.D., Lowry, S., Herring, S.A., Kroshus, E., Hoopes, T.R., Higgins, S.K., & Rivara, F.P. (2019). Concussion incidence, duration, and return to school and sport in 5- to 14-year-old American football athletes. Journal of Pediatrics, 207 ,176184.e1. PubMed ID: 30554790 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, M.W., Kontos, A.P., Okonkwo, D.O., Almquist, J., Bailes, J., Barisa, M., . . . Zafonte, R. (2016). Statements of agreement from the targeted evaluation and active management (TEAM) approaches to treating concussion meeting held in Pittsburgh, October 15–16, 2015. Neurosurgery, 79 ,912929. PubMed ID: 27741219 doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001447

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, M.W., Kontos, A.P., Reynolds, E., Murawski, C.D., & Fu, F.H. (2014). A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 22 ,235246. PubMed ID: 24337463 doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2791-6

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Conte, V., Uryu, K., Fujimoto, S., Yao, Y., Rokach, J., Longhi, L., . . . Pratico, D. (2004). Vitamin E reduces amyloidosis and improves cognitive function in Tg2576 mice following repetitive concussive brain injury. Journal of Neurochemistry, 90 ,758764. PubMed ID: 15255955 doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02560.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Corwin, D.J., Wiebe, D.J., Zonfrillo, M.R., Grady, M.F., Robinson, R.L., Goodman, A.M., & Master, C.L. (2015). Vestibular deficits following youth concussion. Journal of Pediatrics, 166 ,12211225. PubMed ID: 25748568 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.01.039

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Covassin, T., Elbin, R.J., Harris, W., Parker, T., & Kontos, A. (2012). The role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability in athletes after concussion. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40 ,13031312. PubMed ID: 22539534 doi:10.1177/0363546512444554

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, G.A., Purcell, L., Schneider, K.J., Yeates, K.O., Gioia, G.A., Anderson, V., . . . Kutcher, J.S. (2017). The Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th edition (Child SCAT5): Background and rationale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 ,949957. PubMed ID: 28446452 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097415

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • De Bellis, M.D., Keshavan, M.S., Beers, S.R., Hall, J., Frustaci, K., Masalehdan, A., . . . Boring, A.M. (2001). Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 11 ,552557. PubMed ID: 11375916 doi:10.1093/cercor/11.6.552

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dolle, J.P., Jaye, A., Anderson, S.A., Ahmadzadeh, H., Shenoy, V.B., & Smith, D.H. (2018). Newfound sex differences in axonal structure underlie differential outcomes from in vitro traumatic axonal injury. Experimental Neurology, 300 ,121134. PubMed ID: 29104114 doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dompier, T.P., Kerr, Z.Y., Marshall, S.W., Hainline, B., Snook, E.M., Hayden, R., & Simon, J.E. (2015). Incidence of concussion during practice and games in youth, high school, and collegiate American football players. JAMA Pediatrics, 169 ,659665. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0210

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Echemendia, R.J., Meeuwisse, W., McCrory, P., Davis, G.A., Putukian, M., Leddy, J., . . . Schneider, K. (2017). The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th edition (SCAT5): Background and rationale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 ,848850. PubMed ID: 28446453 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097506

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Elbin, R.J., Sufrinko, A., Anderson, M.N., Mohler, S., Schatz, P., Covassin, T., . . . Kontos, A.P. (2018). Prospective changes in vestibular and ocular motor impairment after concussion. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 42 ,142148. PubMed ID: 29864101 doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000230

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Elbin, R.J., Sufrinko, A., Schatz, P., French, J., Henry, L., Burkhart, S., . . . Kontos, A.P. (2016). Removal from play after concussion and recovery time. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20160910. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0910

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erickson, K.I., Voss, M.W., Prakash, R.S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., . . . Kramer, A.F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 ,30173022. PubMed ID: 21282661 doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fehr, S.D., Nelson, L.D., Scharer, K.R., Traudt, E.A., Veenstra, J.M., Tarima, S.S., . . . Walter, K.D. (2019). Risk factors for prolonged symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury: A pediatric sports concussion clinic cohort. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 ,1117. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000494

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ford, K.R., Myer, G.D., & Hewett, T.E. (2010). Longitudinal effects of maturation on lower extremity joint stiffness in adolescent athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38 ,18291837. PubMed ID: 20522830 doi:10.1177/0363546510367425

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gagnon, I., Grilli, L., Friedman, D., & Iverson, G.L. (2016). A pilot study of active rehabilitation for adolescents who are slow to recover from sport-related concussion. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26 ,299306. PubMed ID: 25735821 doi:10.1111/sms.12441

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gioia, G.A. (2015). Multimodal evaluation and management of children with concussion: Using our heads and available evidence. Brain Injury, 29(2), 195206. PubMed ID: 25356518 doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.965210

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Giza, C.C., & Hovda, D.A. (2014). The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery, 75(Suppl. 4), S24S33. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000505

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grool, A.M., Aglipay, M., Momoli, F., Meehan, W.P., Freedman, S.B., Yeates, K.O., . . . Zemek, R. (2016). Association between early participation in physical activity following acute concussion and persistent postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents. JAMA, 316 ,25042514. PubMed ID: 27997652 doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17396

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Guskiewicz, K.M., Ross, S.E., & Marshall, S.W. (2001). Postural stability and neuropsychological deficits after concussion in collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 36 ,263. PubMed ID: 12937495

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Guskiewicz, K.M., Weaver, N.L., Padua, D.A., & Garrett, W.E., Jr. (2000). Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28 ,643650. PubMed ID: 11032218 doi:10.1177/03635465000280050401

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Guthrie, R. (2018). Physical activity following acute concussion and persistent postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 46 ,416419. PubMed ID: 30142294 doi:10.1080/00913847.2018.1516479

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harvey, H.H. (2013). Reducing traumatic brain injuries in youth sports: Youth sports traumatic brain injury state laws, January 2009–December 2012. American Journal of Public Health, 103 ,12491254. PubMed ID: 23678903 doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301107

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Helm, M.R. (2005). Vestibulo-ocular reflex abnormalities in patients with migraine. Headache, 45 ,332336. PubMed ID: 15836569 doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05070.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Henry, L.C., Elbin, R.J., Collins, M.W., Marchetti, G., & Kontos, A.P. (2016). Examining recovery trajectories after sport-related concussion with a multimodal clinical assessment approach. Neurosurgery, 78 ,232241. PubMed ID: 26445375 doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001041

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hunt, T.N., & Ferrara, M.S. (2009). Age-related differences in neuropsychological testing among high school athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 44 ,405409. PubMed ID: 19593423 doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.405

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kerr, Z.Y., Cortes, N., Caswell, A.M., Ambegaonka, J.P., Hallsmith, K.R., Milbert, A.F., & Casewell, S.V. (2017). Concussion rates in U.S. middle school athletes, 2015–2016 school year. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53 ,914918. PubMed ID: 28739314 doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.017

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kerr, Z.Y., Register-Mihalik, J.K., Kroshus, E., Baugh, C.M., & Marshall, S.W. (2016). Motivations associated with nondisclosure of self-reported concussions in former collegiate athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44 ,220225. PubMed ID: 26582799 doi:10.1177/0363546515612082

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kerr, Z.Y., Zuckerman, S.L., Wasserman, E.B., Covassin, T., Djoko, A., & Dompier, T.P. (2016). Concussion symptoms and return to play time in youth, high school, and college American football athletes. JAMA Pediatrics, 170 ,647653. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0073

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kontos, A.P., Elbin, R.J., Fazio-Sumrock, V.C., Burkhart, S., Swindell, H., Maroon, J., & Collins, M.W. (2013). Incidence of sports-related concussion among youth football players aged 8–12 years. Journal of Pediatrics, 163 ,717720. PubMed ID: 23751761 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.04.011

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kontos, A.P., Elbin, R.J., Schatz, P., Covassin, T., Henry, L., Pardini, J., & Collins, M.W. (2012). A revised factor structure for the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Baseline and postconcussion factors. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40 ,23752384. PubMed ID: 22904209 doi:10.1177/0363546512455400

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kostyun, R.O., & Hafeez, I. (2015). Protracted recovery from a concussion: A focus on gender and treatment interventions in an adolescent population. Sports Health, 7 ,5257. PubMed ID: 25553213 doi:10.1177/1941738114555075

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kurowski, B.G., Hugentobler, J., Quatman-Yates, C., Taylor, J., Gubanich, P.J., Altaye, M., & Wade, S.L. (2017). Aerobic exercise for adolescents with prolonged symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory randomized clinical trial. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32 ,7989. PubMed ID: 27120294 doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000238

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leddy, J.J., Haider, M.N., Hinds, A.L., Darling, S., & Willer, B.S. (2018). A preliminary study of the effect of early aerobic exercise treatment for sport-related concussion in males. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. Advance online publication. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000663

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lincoln, A.E., Caswell, S.V., Almquist, J.L., Dunn, R.E., Norris, J.B., & Hinton, R.Y. (2011). Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: A prospective 11-year study. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39 ,958963. PubMed ID: 21278427 doi:10.1177/0363546510392326

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lipton, R.B., Stewart, W.F., Diamond, S., Diamond, M.L., & Reed, M. (2001). Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: Data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache, 41 ,646657. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.041007646.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lovell, M., Collins, M., Podell, K., Powell, J., & Maroon, J. (2001). Immediate post-concussion assessment cognitive testing. Pittsburgh, PA: NeuroHealth Systems, LLC.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lovell, M.R. (2016). ImPACT pediatric administration and interpretation manual. San Diego, CA: ImPACT Applications, Inc.

  • Marar, M., McIlvain, N.M., Fields, S.K., & Comstock, R.D. (2012). Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40 ,747755. PubMed ID: 22287642 doi:10.1177/0363546511435626

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McAllister-Deitrick, J., Covassin, T., & Gould, D.R. (2014). Sport-related concussion knowledge among youth football players. Athletic Training and Sports Health Care, 6 ,280284. doi:10.3928/01484834-20141112-03

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., Broglio, S., . . . Vos, P.E. (2017). Consensus statement on concussion in sport—The 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 ,838847. PubMed ID: 28446457 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moser, R.S., Schatz, P., Glenn, M., Kollias, K.E., & Iverson, G.L. (2015). Examining prescribed rest as treatment for adolescents who are slow to recover from concussion. Brain Injury, 29 ,5863. PubMed ID: 25279423 doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.964771

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mucha, A., Collins, M.W., Elbin, R.J., Furman, J.M., Troutman-Enseki, C., DeWolf, R.M., . . . Kontos, A.P. (2014). A brief vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS) assessment to evaluate concussions: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42 ,24792486. PubMed ID: 25106780 doi:10.1177/0363546514543775

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Murdaugh, D.L., Ono, K.E., Morris, S.O., & Burns, T.G. (2018). Effects of developmental age on symptom reporting and neurocognitive performance in youth after sports-related concussion compared to control athletes. Journal of Child Neurology, 33 ,474481. PubMed ID: 29667530 doi:10.1177/0883073818766815

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Neidecker, J.M., Gealt, D.B., Luksch, J.R., & Weaver, M.D. (2017). First-time sports-related concussion recovery: The role of sex, age, and sport. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 117 ,635642. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2017.120

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • O’Connor, K.L., Baker, M.M., Dalton, S.L., Dompier, T.P., Broglio, S.P., & Kerr, Z.Y. (2017). Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011–2012 through 2013–2014. Journal of Athletic Training, 52 ,175185. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Piland, S.G., Motl, R.W., Ferrara, M.S., & Peterson, C.L. (2003). Evidence for the factorial and construct validity of a self-report concussion symptoms scale. Journal of Athletic Training, 38 ,104. PubMed ID: 12937520

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Prins, M.L., & Hovda, D.A. (2003). Developing experimental models to address traumatic brain injury in children. Journal of Neurotrauma, 20 ,123137. PubMed ID: 12675967 doi:10.1089/08977150360547053

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Purcell, L., Harvey, J., & Seabrook, J.A. (2016). Patterns of recovery following sport-related concussion in children and adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics, 55 ,452458. PubMed ID: 26063756 doi:10.1177/0009922815589915

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Quatman-Yates, C., Hugentobler, J., Ammon, R., Mwase, N., Kurowski, B., & Myer, G.D. (2014). The utility of the Balance Error Scoring System for mild brain injury assessments in children and adolescents. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 42 ,3238. PubMed ID: 25295764 doi:10.3810/psm.2014.09.2073

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Register-Mihalik, J.K., Guskiewicz, K.M., McLeod, T.C., Linnan, L.A., Mueller, F.O., & Marshall, S.W. (2013). Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: A preliminary study. Journal of Athletic Training, 48 ,645653. PubMed ID: 23848520 doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.20

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Register-Mihalik, J.K., Williams, R.M., Marshall, S.W., Linnan, L.A., Mihalik, J.P., Guskiewicz, K.M., & McLeod, T.C.V. (2018). Demographic, parental, and personal factors and youth athletes’ concussion-related knowledge and beliefs. Journal of Athletic Training, 53 ,768775. PubMed ID: 30198745 doi:10.4085/1062-6050-223-17

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sady, M.D., Vaughan, C.G., & Gioia, G.A. (2014). Psychometric characteristics of the Postconcussion Symptom Inventory in children and adolescents. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29 ,348363. PubMed ID: 24739735 doi:10.1093/10.1093/arclin/acu014

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sandel, N.K., Schatz, P., Goldberg, K.B., & Lazar, M. (2017). Sex-based differences in cognitive deficits and symptom reporting among acutely concussed adolescent lacrosse and soccer players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45 ,937944. PubMed ID: 27940807 doi:10.1177/0363546516677246

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sarmiento, K., Donnell, Z., & Hoffman, R. (2017). A scoping review to address the culture of concussion in youth and high school sports. Journal of School Health, 87 ,790804. PubMed ID: 28876477 doi:10.1111/josh.12552

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schneider, K.J., Meeuwisse, W.H., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Barlow, K., Boyd, L., Kang, J., & Emery, C.A. (2014). Cervicovestibular rehabilitation in sport-related concussion: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48 ,12941298. PubMed ID: 24855132 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093267

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stone, S., Lee, B., Garrison, J.C., Blueitt, D., & Creed, K. (2017). Sex differences in time to return-to-play progression after sport-related concussion. Sports Health, 9 ,4144. doi:10.1177/1941738116672184

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sufrinko, A.M., Mucha, A., Covassin, T., Marchetti, G., Elbin, R.J., Collins, M.W., & Kontos, A.P. (2017). Sex differences in vestibular/ocular and neurocognitive outcomes after sport-related concussion. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 27 ,133138. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000324

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thomas, D.G., Apps, J.N., Hoffmann, R.G., McCrea, M., & Hammeke, T. (2015). Benefits of strict rest after acute concussion: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 135 ,213223. PubMed ID: 25560444 doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0966

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thomas, D.J., Coxe, K., Li, H., Pommering, T.L., Young, J.A., Smith, G.A., & Yang, J. (2018). Length of recovery from sports-related concussions in pediatric patients treated at concussion clinics. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 28 ,5663. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000413

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tierney, R.T., Higgins, M., Caswell, S.V., Brady, J., McHardy, K., Driban, J.B., & Darvish, K. (2008). Sex differences in head acceleration during heading while wearing soccer headgear. Journal of Athletic Training, 43 ,578584. PubMed ID: 19030135 doi:10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.578

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Trojian, T.H., Wang, D.H., & Leddy, J.J. (2017). Nutritional supplements for the treatment and prevention of sports-related concussion—Evidence still lacking. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16 ,247255. PubMed ID: 28696987 doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000387

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wallace, J., Covassin, T., Nogle, S., Gould, D., & Kovan, J. (2017). Knowledge of concussion and reporting behaviors in high school athletes with or without access to an athletic trainer. Journal of Athletic Training, 52 ,228235. PubMed ID: 28387561 doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.07

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Welton, K.L., Kraeutler, M.J., Pierpoint, L.A., Bartley, J.H., McCarty, E.C., & Comstock, R.D. (2018). Injury recurrence among high school athletes in the United States: A decade of patterns and trends, 2005–2006 through 2015–2016. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(1), 232596711774578. PubMed ID: 29318177 doi:10.1177/2325967117745788

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3344 1142 87
Full Text Views 86 10 0
PDF Downloads 80 11 0