A Brief History of Pediatric Exercise Physiology

in Pediatric Exercise Science
Bareket Falk * , 1 , Panagiota Klentrou * , 1 , Neil Armstrong * , 2 , Thomas Rowland * , 3 and Han C.G. Kemper 4
View More View Less
  • 1 Brock University
  • 2 University of Exeter
  • 3 Baystate Medical Center
  • 4 VU University Medical Center
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0246
In Print:
Volume 30: Issue 1
Pages:
1–10
Restricted access

Purchase article

USD  $24.95

Student 1 year online subscription

USD  $69.00

1 year online subscription

USD  $92.00

Student 2 year online subscription

USD  $131.00

2 year online subscription

USD  $175.00
Subscribe to this Journal

  • Purchase article

    USD  $24.95

  • Student 1 year online subscription

    USD  $69.00

  • 1 year online subscription

    USD  $92.00

  • Student 2 year online subscription

    USD  $131.00

  • 2 year online subscription

    USD  $175.00

If the inline PDF is not rendering correctly, you can download the PDF file here.

Falk and Klentrou are with the Dept. of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Armstrong is with the Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom. Rowland is with the Dept. of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA. Kemper is with the Amsterdam Public Health Academic Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Address author correspondence to Bareket Falk at bfalk@brocku.ca.

This article is based, in part, on a previously published commentary, which focused on the Canadian contributions to pediatric exercise physiology, published online: Falk B, Klentrou P. Canadian contributions to Pediatric Exercise Physiology. November 2016 [cited 2016 Sep 11]. CSEP News. http://csep.ca/news.asp?a=view&id=148.

Pediatric Exercise Science

Cover Pediatric Exercise Science
  • 1.

    Adam CV, Klissouras M, Ravazollo R, Renson W, Tuxworth W. EUROFIT: European Test of Physical Fitness. Rome, Italy: Council of Europe; 1988.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Armstrong N. Top 10 research questions related to youth aerobic fitness. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2017;88(2):130–48. PubMed doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1303298
  • 3.

    Armstrong N, Barker AR. Oxygen uptake kinetics in children and adolescents: a review. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2009;21(2):130–47. PubMed doi:10.1123/pes.21.2.130
  • 4.

    Armstrong N, McManus AM. The Elite Young Athlete. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2011.
  • 5.

    Armstrong N, van Mechelen W. Oxford Textbook of Children’s Sport and Exercise Medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2017.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994;22:435–76. PubMed doi:10.1249/00003677-199401000-00016

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11- to 17-year-old humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(6):546–51. PubMed doi:10.1007/s004210100485

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Armstrong N, Welsman JR, Nevill AM, Kirby BJ. Modeling growth and maturation changes in peak oxygen uptake in 11–13 yr olds. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87(6):2230–6.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Astrand PO. Experimental Studies of Physical Work Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age. Copenhagen, Denmark: Mundsgaard; 1952.
  • 10.

    Bailey DA. Exercise, fitness and physical education for the growing child—a concern. Can J Public Health. 1973;64(5):421–30. PubMed
  • 11.

    Bailey DA, Faulkner RA, McKay HA. Growth, physical activity and bone mineral acquisition. In: Holloszy JO, editor. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews. Vol 24. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996, pp. 233–66.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Bakker I, Twisk JW, Van Mechelen W, Roos JC, Kemper HC. Ten-year longitudinal relationship between physical activity and lumbar bone mass in (young) adults. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(2):325–32. PubMed doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.2.325

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Bar-Or O. Climate and the exercising child-a review. Int J Sports Med. 1980;1:53–65. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034631
  • 14.

    Bar-Or O. Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1983.
  • 15.

    Bar-Or O. Effects of training on the child with a chronic disease. Beauty and the beast (Editorial). Clin J Sport Med. 1993;3:2–5. doi:10.1097/00042752-199301000-00002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Bar-Or O, Baranowski T. Physical activity, adiposity and obesity among adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1994;6:348–60. doi:10.1123/pes.6.4.348
  • 17.

    Bar-Or O, Blimkie CJ, Hay JA, MacDougall JD, Ward DS, Wilson WM. Voluntary dehydration and heat intolerance in cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 1992;339(8795):696–9. PubMed doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90597-V

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Bar-Or O, Inbar O. Swimming and asthma. Benefits and deleterious effects. Sports Med. 1992;14(6):397–405. PubMed doi:10.2165/00007256-199214060-00006
  • 19.

    Bar-Or O, Rowland T. Pediatric Exercise Medicine. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.
  • 20.

    Baxter-Jones AD, Mirwald RL, McKay HA, Bailey DA. A longitudinal analysis of sex differences in bone mineral accrual in healthy 8-19-year-old boys and girls. Ann Hum Biol. 2003;30(2):160–75. PubMed doi:10.1080/0301446021000034642

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Bergeron MF, Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(13):843–51. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Beunen G, Baxter-Jones AD, Mirwald RL, Thomis M, Lefevre J, Malina RM, Bailey DA. Intraindividual allometric development of aerobic power in 8- to 16-year-old boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(3):503–10. PubMed doi:10.1097/00005768-200203000-00018

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Biggand J, Hillman CH. A review of childhood physical activity, brain, and cognition: perspectives on the future. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2017;29(2):170–6. doi:10.1123/pes.2016-0125

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Bradney M, Pearce G, Naughton G, et al. Moderate exercise during growth in prepubertal boys: changes in bone mass, size, volumetric density, and bone strength: a controlled prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(12):1814–21. PubMed doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.12.1814

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Cassell C, Benedict M, Specker B. Bone mineral density in elite 7- to 9-yr-old female gymnasts and swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(10):1243–6. PubMed doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00006

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Cieslak TJ, Frost G, Klentrou P. Effects of physical activity, body fat, and salivary cortisol on mucosal immunity in children. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(6):2315–20. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00400.2003

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Cooper DM, Berry C, Lamarra N, Wasserman K. Kinetics of oxygen uptake and heart rate at onset of exercise in children. J Appl Physiol. 1985;59(1):211–7. PubMed

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Cooper DM, Nemet D, Galassetti P. Exercise, stress, and inflammation in the growing child: from the bench to the playground. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004;16(3):286–92. PubMed doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000126601.29787.39

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Cumming GR, Cumming PM. Working capacity of normal children tested on a bicycle ergometer. Can Med Assoc J. 1963;88:351–5. PubMed
  • 30.

    Daly RM, Rich PA, Klein R, Bass S. Effects of high-impact exercise on ultrasonic and biochemical indices of skeletal status: a prospective study in young male gymnasts. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(7):1222–30. PubMed doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.1222

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Docherty D, Wenger HA, Collis ML. The effects of resistance training on aerobic and anaerobic power of young boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(4):389–92. PubMed doi:10.1249/00005768-198708000-00011

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Dotan R, Mitchell C, Cohen R, Klentrou P, Gabriel D, Falk B. Child-adult differences in muscle activation—a review. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2012;24(1):2–21. PubMed doi:10.1123/pes.24.1.2

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Eliakim A, Wolach B, Kodesh E, et al. Cellular and humoral immune response to exercise among gymnasts and untrained girls. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(3):208–12. PubMed doi:10.1055/s-2007-972621

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Ellis JD, Carron AV, Bailey DA. Physical performance in boys from 10 through 16 years. Hum Biol. 1975;47(3):263–81. PubMed
  • 35.

    Eriksson BO, Gollnick PD, Saltin B. Muscle metabolism and enzyme activities after training in boys 11-13 years old. Acta Physiol Scand. 1973;87(4):485–97. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05415.x

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Eriksson BO, Gollnick PD, Saltin B. The effect of physical training on muscle enzyme activities and fiber composition in 11-year-old boys. Acta Paediatr Belg. 1974;28 Suppl:245–52.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Eriksson BO, Karlsson J, Saltin B. Muscle metabolites during exercise in pubertal boys. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1971;60:154–7. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1971.tb05717.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Eriksson BO, Saltin B. Muscle metabolism during exercise in boys aged 11 to 16 years compared to adults. Acta Paediatr Belg. 1974;28:257–65. PubMed
  • 39.

    Erlandson MC, Kontulainen SA, Chilibeck PD, Arnold CM, Baxter-Jones AD. Bone mineral accrual in 4- to 10-year-old precompetitive, recreational gymnasts: a 4-year longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(6):1313–20. PubMed doi:10.1002/jbmr.338

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Falk B, Bar-Eli M, Dotan R, et al. Physiological and cognitive responses to cold exposure in 11-12 year-old boys. Am J Hum Biol. 1997;9:39–49. PubMed doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1997)9:1<39::AID-AJHB7>3.0.CO;2-L

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Falk B, Bronshtein Z, Zigel L, Constantini NW, Eliakim A. Quantitative ultrasound of the tibia and radius in prepubertal and early-pubertal female athletes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(2):139–43. PubMed doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.2.139

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Falk B, Dotan R. Children’s thermoregulation during exercise in the heat-a revisit. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33(2):420–7. PubMed doi:10.1139/H07-185

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 43.

    Falk B, Galili Y, Zigel L, Constantini N, Eliakim A. A cumulative effect of physical training on bone strength in males. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(6):449–55. PubMed doi:10.1055/s-2006-924517

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 44.

    Francis SL, Letuchy EM, Levy SM, Janz KF. Sustained effects of physical activity on bone health: Iowa Bone Development Study. Bone. 2014;63:95–100. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.004

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 45.

    Gracia-Marco L, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Casajus JA, Molnar D, Castillo MJ, Moreno LA. Effect of fitness and physical activity on bone mass in adolescents: the HELENA Study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(11):2671–80. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1897-0

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 46.

    Granacher U, Lesinski M, Busch D, et al. Effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and athletic performance: a conceptual model for long-term athlete development. Front Physiol. 2016;7:164. PubMed doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00164

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 47.

    Grimston SK, Willows ND, Hanley DA. Mechanical loading regime and its relationship to bone mineral density in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(11):1203–10. PubMed

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Groothausen J, Siemer H, Kemper HCG, Twisk J, Welten DC. Influence of peak strain on lumbar bone mineral density: an analysis of 15-year physical activity in young males and females. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;9(2):159–73. doi:10.1123/pes.9.2.159

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 49.

    Hebestreit A, Bar-Or O. The Young Athlete. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 2008.
  • 50.

    Janz KF, Gilmore JM, Burns TL, et al. Physical activity augments bone mineral accrual in young children: the Iowa Bone Development Study. J Pediatr. 2006;148(6):793–9. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.01.045

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Jimenez-Pavon D, Castillo MJ, Moreno LA, et al. Fitness and fatness are independently associated with markers of insulin resistance in European adolescents; the HELENA study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(3–4):253–60. doi:10.3109/17477166.2011.575158

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Kemper HCG. Growth, Health and Fitness of Teenagers, Longitudinal Research in International Perspective. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 1985.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Kemper HCG, editor. The Amsterdam Growth Study: A longitudinal Analysis of Health, Fitness, and Lifestyle 6. Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics; 1995.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Kemper HCG. Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study: A 23-Year Follow-Up From Teenager To Adult About Lifestyle and Health. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Kish K, Mezil Y, Ward WE, Klentrou P, Falk B. Effects of plyometric exercise session on markers of bone turnover in boys and young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115:2115–24. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3191-z

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 56.

    Klentrou P, Cunliffe M, Slack J, et al. Temperature regulation during rest and exercise in the cold in premenarcheal and menarcheal girls. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(4):1393–8. PubMed doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01040.2003

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 57.

    Klentrou P, Plyley M. Onset of puberty, menstrual frequency, and body fat in elite rhythmic gymnasts compared with normal controls. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(6):490–4. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.6.490

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 58.

    Krahenbuhl GS, Skinner JS, Kohrt WM. Developmental aspects of maximal aerobic power in children. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1985;13:503–38. PubMed doi:10.1249/00003677-198500130-00015

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 59.

    LaBotz M, Griesemer BA; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Use of performance-enhancing substances. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):1–12. PubMed doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1300

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 60.

    Leger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci. 1988;6(2):93–101. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640418808729800

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 61.

    Lesinski M, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effects and dose-response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(13):781–95. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095497

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 62.

    Longmuir PE, Bar-Or O. Physical activity of children and adolescents with a disability: methodology and effects of age and gender. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1994;6:168–77. doi:10.1123/pes.6.2.168

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 63.

    Longmuir PE, Tremblay MS, Goode RC. Postoperative exercise training develops normal levels of physical activity in a group of children following cardiac surgery. Pediatr Cardiol. 1990;11(3):126–30. PubMed doi:10.1007/BF02238841

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 64.

    Macek M, Vavra J. The adjustment of oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise: a comparison between pre-pubertal boys and young adults. Int J Sports Med. 1980;1:70–2. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034633

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 65.

    MacKelvie KJ, Khan KM, Petit MA, Janssen PA, McKay HA. A school-based exercise intervention elicits substantial bone health benefits: a 2-year randomized controlled trial in girls. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6 Pt 1):e447. PubMed doi:10.1542/peds.112.6.e447

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 66.

    Malina RM, Baxter-Jones AD, Armstrong N, et al. Role of intensive training in the growth and maturation of artistic gymnasts. Sports Med. 2013;43(9):783–802. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0058-5

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 67.

    McIlwaine MP, Davidson AG. Airway clearance techniques in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 1996;2(6):447–51. PubMed
  • 68.

    Michopoulou E, Avloniti A, Kambas A, et al. Elite premenarcheal rhythmic gymnasts demonstrate energy and dietary intake deficiencies during periods of intense training. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2011;23(4):560–72. PubMed doi:10.1123/pes.23.4.560

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 69.

    Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones AD, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):689–94. PubMed

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 70.

    Moran J, Sandercock G, Rumpf MC, Parry DA. Variation in responses to sprint training in male youth athletes: a meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38(1):1–11. PubMed

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 71.

    Morris FL, Naughton GA, Gibbs JL, Carlson JS, Wark JD. Prospective ten-month exercise intervention in premenarcheal girls: positive effects on bone and lean mass. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(9):1453–62. PubMed doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.9.1453

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 72.

    Mountjoy M, Andersen LB, Armstrong N, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on the health and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):839–48. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090228

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 73.

    Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, Bizzini L, et al. IOC consensus statement: “training the elite child athlete”. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(3):163–4. PubMed doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044016

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 74.

    Papadopoulos E, Muir C, Russell C, Timmons BW, Falk B, Klentrou P. Markers of biological stress and mucosal immunity during a week leading to competition in adolescent swimmers. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:1–7. PubMed doi:10.1155/2014/234565

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 75.

    Pasieka AM, Nikoletos N, Riddell MC. Advances in exercise, physical activity, and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016;18 Suppl 1:S76–85. doi:10.1089/dia.2016.2508

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 76.

    Pitt B, Dotan R, Millar J, et al. The electromyographic threshold in boys and men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(6):1273–81. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3100-5

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 77.

    Ploeger H, Obeid J, Nguyen T, et al. Exercise and inflammation in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(8):671–9. PubMed doi:10.1055/s-0032-1304323

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 78.

    Radom-Aizik S, Zaldivar FP Jr, Haddad F, Cooper DM. Impact of brief exercise on circulating monocyte gene and microRNA expression: implications for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;39:121–9. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.003

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 79.

    Ramsay JA, Blimkie CJ, Smith K, Garner S, MacDougall JD, Sale DG. Strength training effects in prepubescent boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(5):605–14. PubMed doi:10.1249/00005768-199010000-00011

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 80.

    Rians CB, Weltman A, Cahill BR, Janney CA, Tippett SR, Katch FI. Strength training for prepubescent males: is it safe? Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(5):483–9. PubMed doi:10.1177/036354658701500510

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 81.

    Rowland T. Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat in children: old concepts revisited. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(2):718–24. PubMed doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01196.2007

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 82.

    Samaan MC, Obeid J, Nguyen T, Thabane L, Timmons BW. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 is a potential biomarker of inflammation & physical fitness in obese children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:47. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-47

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 83.

    Schneiderman-Walker J, Pollock SL, Corey M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a 3-year home exercise program in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 2000;136(3):304–10. PubMed doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.103408

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 84.

    Segalowitz SJ. Exercise and pediatric brain development: a call to action. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(2):217–25. PubMed doi:10.1123/pes.2016-0028

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 85.

    Shephard RJ, Allen C, Bar-Or O, et al. The working capacity of Toronto schoolchildren. I. Can Med Assoc J. 1969;100(12):560–6. PubMed
  • 86.

    Singh-Grewal D, Schneiderman-Walker J, Wright V, et al. The effects of vigorous exercise training on physical function in children with arthritis: a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(7):1202–10. PubMed doi:10.1002/art.23008

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 87.

    Sloan RE, Keatinge WR. Cooling rates of young people swimming in cold water. J Appl Physiol. 1973;35(3):371–5. PubMed
  • 88.

    Small E, Bar-Or O. The young athlete with chronic disease. Clin Sports Med. 1995;14(3):709–26. PubMed
  • 89.

    Smolander J, Bar-Or O, Korhonen O, Ilmarinen J. Thermoregulation during rest and exercise in the cold in pre- and early pubescent boys and in young men. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72(4):1589–94. PubMed doi:10.1063/1.351674

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 90.

    Teixeira AS, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, et al. Skeletal maturation and aerobic performance in young soccer players from professional academies. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(13):1069–75. PubMed doi:10.1055/s-0035-1549922

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 91.

    Thompson AM, Baxter-Jones AD, Mirwald RL, Bailey DA. Secular trend in the development of fatness during childhood and adolescence. Am J Hum Biol. 2002;14(5):669–79. PubMed doi:10.1002/ajhb.10081

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 92.

    Thompson AM, Humbert ML, Mirwald RL. A longitudinal study of the impact of childhood and adolescent physical activity experiences on adult physical activity perceptions and behaviors. Qual Health Res. 2003;13(3):358–77. PubMed doi:10.1177/1049732302250332

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 93.

    Timmons BW. Paediatric exercise immunology: health and clinical applications. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2005;11:108–44. PubMed
  • 94.

    Timmons BW, Tarnopolsky MA, Bar-Or O. Immune responses to strenuous exercise and carbohydrate intake in boys and men. Pediatr Res. 2004;56(2):227–34. PubMed doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000132852.29770.C5

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 95.

    Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Is there a long-term health legacy of required physical education? Sports Med. 2008;38(4):265–70. PubMed doi:10.2165/00007256-200838040-00001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 96.

    Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5:10. PubMed doi:10.1186/1479-5868-5-10

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 97.

    Unnithan VB, Clifford C, Bar-Or O. Evaluation by exercise testing of the child with cerebral palsy. Sports Med. 1998;26(4):239–51. PubMed doi:10.2165/00007256-199826040-00003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 98.

    Verschuren O, Ketelaar M, Takken T, Helders PJ, Gorter JW. Exercise programs for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(5):404–17. PubMed doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e31815b2675

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 99.

    Vignos PJ Jr, Watkins MP. The effect of exercise in muscular dystrophy. JAMA. 1966;197(11):843–8. PubMed doi:10.1001/jama.1966.03110110067015
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 564 336 30
Full Text Views 42 24 0
PDF Downloads 20 14 0