Implementation and Evaluation of Mock Trial Within Undergraduate Sport Law Curriculum

in Sport Management Education Journal

Click name to view affiliation

Makena R. LynchThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Search for other papers by Makena R. Lynch in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Leeann M. Lower-HoppeThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Search for other papers by Leeann M. Lower-Hoppe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Shea M. BrgochWestern Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA

Search for other papers by Shea M. Brgoch in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
James O. EvansUniversity of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA

Search for other papers by James O. Evans in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Richard L. BaileyGonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA

Search for other papers by Richard L. Bailey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Mark BeattieFort Lewis College, Durango, CO, USA

Search for other papers by Mark Beattie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Moetiz SamadThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Search for other papers by Moetiz Samad in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Ashley RyderCatawba College, Salisbury, NC, USA

Search for other papers by Ashley Ryder in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Mock trials serve as useful experiential learning tools for undergraduate kinesiology students. In the current study, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle was employed over the course of a semester through a comprehensive mock trial project that aimed to provide undergraduate students with an interactive learning experience as a means to achieve desired learning outcomes. The primary purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate the mock trial as a learning tool. The researchers conducted a total of 32 semistructured focus groups with 175 students. Overall, students expressed positive experiences and outcomes as a result of engaging in the mock trial project. Four distinct themes emerged from the data: learning mechanisms, learning outcomes, the student learning experience, and suggested improvements for future courses. Each of these themes is substantiated by excerpts from the comments of the students who participated in the focus groups and discussed in detail, as well as implications for instructors who wish to similarly implement mock trials into their classrooms.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Andresen, L., Boud, D., & Cohen, R. (2000). Experience-based learning. In G. Foley (Ed.), Understanding adult education and training (2nd ed., pp. 225239). Allen & Unwin.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Awaysheh, A., & Bonfiglio, D. (2017). Leveraging experiential learning to incorporate social entrepreneurship in MBA programs: A case study. The International Journal of Management Education, 15(2), 332349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2017.04.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barbour, R. (2007). Doing focus groups. Sage.

  • Bell, M. (1993). What constitutes experience? Rethinking theoretical assumptions. Journal of Experiential Education, 16(1), 1924. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382599301600103

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bengtson, T., & Sifferd, K. (2010). The unique challenges posed by mock trial: Evaluation and assessment of a simulation course. Journal of Political Science Education, 6(1), 7086. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512160903467638

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bodie, G.D. (2010). A racing heart, rattling knees, and ruminative thoughts: Defining, explaining, and treating public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 59(1), 70105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903443849

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bourke, B. (2014). Positionality: Reflecting on the research process. The Qualitative Report, 14(33), 19.

  • Bower, G.G. (2013). Utilizing Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory to implement a golf scramble. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 12, 2956. https://doi.org/10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874X-12c

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burch, G.F., Batchelor, J.H., Heller, N.A., Shaw, J., Kendall, W., & Turner, B. (2014). Experiential learning—What do we know? A meta-analysis of 40 years of research. Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 41, 279283.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burguillo, J.C. (2010). Using game theory and competition-based learning to stimulate student motivation and performance. Computers & Education, 55(2), 566575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.018

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bursztyn, N., Walker, A., Shelton, B., & Pederson, J. (2017). Increasing undergraduate interest to learn geoscience with GPS-based augmented reality field trips on students’ own smartphones. GSA Today, 27(5), 410. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG304A.1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clinebell, J., & Murphy, J. (2016). Student managed investment funds: The perspectives of alumni. Journal of Financial Education, 42(3–4), 304312.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Coffield, F., Moseley , D., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review. Learning and Skills Research Centre.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Coker, J.S., Heiser, E., Taylor, L., & Book, C. (2017). Impacts of experiential learning depth and breadth on student outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education, 40(1), 523. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825916678265

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cosby, T.N. (2018). To the head of the class: Quantifying the relationship between participation in undergraduate mock trial programs and student performance in law school. St. John’s Law Review, 92(4), 797832.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cote, J., Salmela, J.H., Baria, A., & Russell, S.J. (1993). Organizing and interpreting unstructured qualitative data. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 127137.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Courteille, O., Fahlstedt, M., Ho, J., Hedman, L., Fors, U., Von Holst, H., Felländer-Tsai, L., & Möller, H. (2018). Learning through a virtual patient vs. recorded lecture: A comparison of knowledge retention in a trauma case. International Journal of Medical Education, 9, 8692. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5aa3.ccf2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (3rd ed.). Sage.

  • Creswell, J.W., & Miller, D.L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • English, M.C., & Kitsantas, A. (2013). Supporting student self-regulated learning in problem-and project-based learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 7(2), 128150. https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1339

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Evans, N.J., Forney, D.S., Guido, F.M., Patton, L.D., & Renn, K.A. (2010). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Farmer, K., Meisel, S.I., Seltzer, J., & Kane, K. (2012). The mock trial: A dynamic exercise for thinking critically about management theories, topics, and practices. Journal of Management Education, 37(3), 400430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562912446300

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Feinstein, A.H., Mann, S., & Corsun, D.L. (2002). Charting the experiential territory. Journal of Management Development, 21(10), 732744. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710210448011

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fenton, L., & Gallant, K. (2016). Integrated experiential education: Definitions and a conceptual model. Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 7(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2016.2.7

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glancy, G.D. (2016). The mock trial: Revisiting a valuable training strategy. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 44(1), 1927.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Guba, E.G., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105117). Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hansen, B. (2017). 12 awesome team building games your team won’t hate. https://www.wrike.com/blog/team-building-games/

  • Harvey, M., Coulson, D., & McMaugh, A. (2016). Towards a theory of the ecology of reflection: Reflective practice for experiential learning in higher education. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 13(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.53761/1.13.2.1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Joplin, L. (1995). On defining experiential education. In K. Warren, M. Sakofs, & J. Hunt (Eds.), The theory of experiential education (pp. 1522). Kendall-Hunter.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jowdy, E., McDonald, M., & Spence, K. (2004). An integral approach to sport management internships. European Sport Management Quarterly, 4(4), 215233. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740408737478

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Justi, R., & Mendonça, P.C.C. (2016). Discussion of the controversy concerning a historical event among pre-service teachers. Science & Education, 25(7–8), 795822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-016-9846-2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kallio, H., Pietilä, A.M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: Developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 29542965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Katz, H.E., & O’Neill, K.F. (2009). Strategies and techniques of law school teaching: A primer for new (and not so new) professors. Aspen Publishers.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kirschner, P., Sweller, J., & Clark, R.E. (2006). Why unguided learning does not work: An analysis of the failure of discovery learning, problem-based learning, experiential learning and inquiry-based learning. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 7586. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolb, D.A. (1981). Learning styles and disciplinary differences. In A.W. Chickering and Associates (Eds.), The modern American college: Responding to the new realities of diverse students in a changing society (pp. 232255). Jossey-Bass.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.

  • Konak, A., Clark, T.K., & Nasereddin, M. (2014). Using Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle to improve student learning in virtual computer laboratories. Computers & Education, 72, 1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.013

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kosnik, R., Tingle, J., & Blanton, E. (2013). Transformational learning in business education: The pivotal role of experiential learning projects. American Journal of Business Education, 6(6), 613630. https://doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v6i6.8166

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krueger, R.A., & Casey, M.A. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide or applied research (5th ed.). Sage.

  • Kupriyanov, R., & Zhdanov, R. (2014). The eustress concept: Problems and outlooks. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(2), 179185.

  • Kutnjak Ivković, S., & Reichel, P. (2017). Enhancing student learning by using mock trials in criminal justice courses. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 28(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2016.1151906

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laird, J.D., Wagener, J.J., Halal, M., & Szegda, M. (1982). Remembering what you feel: Effects of emotion on memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 646657. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.646

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Li, V., Lau, K., Li, S.K., Lee, L., Chow, C., & Lam, D.C. (2009, October). Beyond outcome-based: Competition-based learning for engineering students. Presented at the International Conference on Modern Industrial Training.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lower, L.M., Jones, D.W., Hutton, T.A., & Jarnagin, W.N. (2018). “The court is now in session…”: Use of mock trial in sport management. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 22, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.10.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lower-Hoppe, L.M., Evans, J.O., Bailey, R.L., & Brgoch, S.M. (2021). Mock trial: Transforming curriculum through coopetition. Sport Management Education Journal, 15(1), 5456. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2020-0006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luckmann, C. (1996). Defining experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 19(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382599601900101

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maier, T., & Thomas, N. (2013). Hospitality leadership course design and delivery: A blended-experiential learning model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 25(1), 1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2013.777585

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marinho, A.C.F., de Medeiros, A.M., Gama, A.C.C., & Teixeira, L.C. (2017). Fear of public speaking: Perception of college students and correlates. Journal of Voice, 31(1), 127.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Michaelsen, L.K., & Sweet, M. (2012). Creating effective team assignments. In L.K. Michaelsen, D.X. Parmelee, K.K. McMahon, & R.E. Levine (Eds.), Team-based learning for health professions education (pp. 3559). Stylus Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, J., Meaney, K., & Podlog, L. (2012). Enhancing sport marketing research service-learning using Kolb’s experiential education model. International Journal of Sport Management, 13(1), 2343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, J., & Seidler, T. (2020). Using a mock trial: An experiential learning opportunity. Sport Management Education Journal, 14(1), 5860. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2019-0020

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, R.J., & Maellaro, R. (2016). Getting to the root of the problem in experiential learning: Using problem solving and collective reflection to improve learning outcomes. Journal of Management Education, 40(2), 170193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562915623822

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moore, C., Boyd, B.L., & Dooley, K.E. (2010). The effects of experiential learning with an emphasis on reflective writing on deep-level processing of leadership students. Journal of Leadership Education, 9(1), 3652. https://doi.org/10.12806/V9/I1/RF3

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Morgan, D.L. (1996). Focus groups as qualitative research (2nd ed.). Sage.

  • Newton, P.M., & Salvi, A. (2020). How common is belief in the learning styles neuromyth, and does it matter? A pragmatic systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.602451

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence Based Nursing, 18(2), 3435. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102054

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parr, D.M., & Trexler, C.J. (2011). Students’ experiential learning and use of student farms in sustainable agriculture education. Journal of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Education, 40(1), 172180. https://doi.org/10.4195/jnrlse.2009.0047u

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Phelps, E.A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 198202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Prince, M.J., & Felder, R.M. (2006). Inductive teaching and learning methods: Definitions, comparisons, and research bases. Journal of Engineering Education, 95(2), 123138. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2006.tb00884.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rio-Roberts, M.D. (2011). How I learned to conduct focus groups. The Qualitative Report, 16(1), 312315. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol16/iss1/22

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roland, K. (2017). Experiential learning: Learning through reflective practice. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 8(1), 29822989. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2017.0405

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rosenberg, E., Truong, H.A., Hsu, S.Y., & Taheri, R. (2018). Implementation and lessons learned from a mock trial as a teaching-learning and assessment activity. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(8), 10761086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.05.014

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sattler, L.A. (2018). From classroom to courtside: An examination of the experiential learning practices of sport management faculty. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 22, 5262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2018.02.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sauder, M.H., & Mudrick, M. (2018). Student satisfaction and perceived learning in sport management internships. Sport Management Education Journal, 12(1), 2638. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2016-0032

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shenton, A.K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 6375. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2004-22201

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Specht, L.B., & Sandlin, P.K. (1991). The differential effects of experiential learning activities and traditional lecture classes in accounting. Simulation & Gaming, 22(2), 196210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878191222003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stalmeijer, R.E., McNaughton, N., & Van Mook, W.N.K.A. (2014). Using focus groups in medical education research. Medical Teacher, 36(11), 923939. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2014.917165

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.

  • Taras, M. (2008). Summative and formative assessment: Perceptions and realities. Active Learning in Higher Education, 9(2), 172192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787408091655

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. Farmer Press.

  • Van de Wiel, M.W.J. (2017). Examining expertise using interviews and verbal protocols. Frontline Learning Research, 5(3), 94122. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v5i3.257

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vianden, J., & Gregg, E.A. (2017). What’s my responsibility? Undergraduate heterosexual white men in sport management discuss increasing diversity in sport. Sport Management Education Journal, 11(2), 88101. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2015-0023

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wanless, L.A., & Naraine, M. (2021). Sport analytics education for future executives, managers, and nontechnical personnel. Sport Management Education Journal, 15(1), 3440. https://doi.org/10.1123/smej.2019-0070

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1114 1054 48
Full Text Views 41 41 3
PDF Downloads 67 67 5