Blue Skies Over Beijing: Olympics, Environments, and the People’s Republic of China

in Sociology of Sport Journal

Click name to view affiliation

Christopher M. McLeod Texas Tech University

Search for other papers by Christopher M. McLeod in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Haozhou Pu University of Dayton

Search for other papers by Haozhou Pu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
, and
Joshua I. Newman Florida State University

Search for other papers by Joshua I. Newman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0149
In Print:
Volume 35: Issue 1
Page Range:
29–38
Restricted access

During the 2008 Olympic Games, after years of environmental regulations, two months of short-term measures, and opportune weather, Beijing measured a record number of “blue sky days,” at the same time reassuring international athletes and journalists the air was safe for competition and Beijing residents. We use this case to understand how environmental objectives are achieved in sport. Using Bruno Latour’s object-oriented political ecology, we describe the events leading to, during, and after the Games. We argue environmental objectives are possible when environments are made public; this means environmental objects—such as skies and particulate matter—must be assembled and then articulated or, in other words, brought forward and made capable of speech.

McLeod is with Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Pu is with Sport Management Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH. Newman is with Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.

Address author correspondence to Christopher M. McLeod at christopher.m.mcleod@ttu.edu.
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Sociology of Sport Journal

Cover Sociology of Sport Journal

  • Andrews, S.Q. (2008a). Inconsistencies in air quality metrics:“Blue Sky”days and PM10 concentrations in Beijing. Environmental Research Letters, 3(3), 034009. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034009

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Andrews, S.Q. (2008b). Playing air-quality games. Far Eastern Economic Review, 171(6), 53–57.

  • Beder, S. (2002). Sydeny’s toxic green Olympics. Current Affairs Bulletin, 70(6), 12–18.

  • Beijing Traffic Management Bureau. (2008, June 19). Public Notice of the Beijing Municipal People’s Government on Temporary Traffic Control Measures from the Beijing-bound non-Beijing-registered motor vehicles during the 2008 Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games. Beijing, China: Beijing Traffic Management Buraeu. Retrieved from www.bjjtgl.gov.cn/english/Notices/206268/index.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Billings, A.C., & Easterman, S.T. (2002). Selective representation of gender, ethnicity, and nationality in American television coverage of the 2000 Summer Olympics. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37(3-4), 351–370. doi:10.1177/101269020203700302

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Briassoulis, H. (2010). “Sorry golfers, this is not your spot!”: Exploring public opposition to golf development. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 34(3), 288–311. doi:10.1177/0193723510377314

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bunds, K.S., Casper, J., & Frey, C. (2016). Research reveals air quality impacts of football tailgating. Raleigh, NC: NC State University. Retrieved from https://sustainability.ncsu.edu/research-reveals-air-quality-impacts-football-tailgating/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Callon, M. (1984). Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay. The Sociological Review, 32(S1), 196–233. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1984.tb00113.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Callon, M. (1990). Techno-economic netorks and irreversibility. The Sociological Review, 38(S1), 132–161. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1990.tb03351.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Canaves, S. (2008, August 5). Beijing’s Olympic cleanup sends migrants and homeless packing. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121788405566611245

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cantelon, H., & Letters, M. (2000). The making of the IOC environmental policy as the third dimension of the Olympic movement. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(3), 294–308. doi:10.1177/101269000035003004

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society. The information age: Economy, society and culture (Vol. 1). London, UK: Blackwell.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Caudwell, J. (2003). Sporting gender: Women’s footballing bodies as sites/sights for the (re) articulation of sex, gender and desire. Sociology of Sport Journal, 20, 371–386. doi:10.1123/ssj.20.4.371

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, Y., Jin, G.Z., Kumar, N., & Shi, G. (2013a). Gaming in air pollution data?: Lessons from China (pp. 1–43). National Bureau of Economic Research.

  • Chen, Y., Jin, G.Z., Kumar, N., & Shi, G. (2013b). The promise of Beijing: Evaluating the impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on air quality. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66(3), 424–443. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2013.06.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Collins, A., Flynn, A., Munday, M., & Roberts, A. (2007). Assessing the environmental consequences of major sporting events: The 2003/04 FA Cup Final. Urban Studies, 44(3), 457–476. doi:10.1080/00420980601131878

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Commission for Sustainable London. (2009). Extinguishing Emissions? A review of the approach taken to carbon measurement and managemenr across the London 2012 Programme. London, UK: Author.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coonan, C. (2008, August 10). How Beijing used rockets to keep opening ceremony dry. Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/how-beijing-used-rockets-to-keep-opening-ceremony-dry-890294.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davis, L.R. (1990). The articulation of difference: White preoccupation with the question of racially linked genetic differences among athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(2), 179–187. doi:10.1123/ssj.7.2.179

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Demick, B. (2008). Olympians air gripe about Beijing: Fearing the pollution, some wear masks or skip the Games. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/12/world/fg-olyair12

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dube, C. (2008, August 21). Air quality at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. USC US-China Institute. Retrieved from http://china.usc.edu/air-quality-2008-beijing-olympics

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Economy, E.C. (2007). The great leap backward? The costs of China’s environmental crisis. Foreign Affairs, 86(5), 38–59.

  • Flyvberg, B. (2011). Case study. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (pp. 301–316). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Friedman, M.S., Powell, K.E., Hutwagner, L., Graham, L.M., & Teague, W.G. (2001). Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviors during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. JAMA, 285(7), 897–905. PubMed doi:10.1001/jama.285.7.897

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gaffney, C. (2013). Between discourse and reality: The un-sustainability of mega-event planning. Sustainability, 5(9), 3926–3940. doi:10.3390/su5093926

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Guo, L., Yan, W., & Li, J. (2008, August 15). 北京奥轿：绿色中国的新㿰阶 [The Beijing Olympics: New Step of a “Greening” China]. Guangming Daily. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/olympics/2008-08/15/content_9329470.htm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hadad, C. (2008, August 12). China falls short on Olympic promises, critics say. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/12/china.promises/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hayes, G., & Horne, J. (2011). Sustainable development, shock and awe? London 2012 and civil society. Sociology, 45(5), 749–764. doi:10.1177/0038038511413424

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hayes, G., & Karamichas, J. (2012). Introduction: Sport mega-events, sustainable development and civil societies. In G. Hayes & J. Karamichas (Eds.), Olympic games, mega-events and civil societies: Globalization, environment, resistance (pp. 151–172). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Holden, M., MacKenzie, J., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2008). Vancouver’s promise of the world’s first sustainable Olympic Games. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26(5), 882–905. doi:10.1068/c2309r

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Holifield, R. (2009). Actor-Network theory as a critical approach to environmental justice: A case against synthesis with urban political ecology. Antipode, 41(4), 637–658. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00692.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Human Rights Watch. (2008, August 6). China: Olympics harm key human rights: Chinese government, IOC wasted historic opportunity for reform. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/06/china-olympics-harm-key-human-rights

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jai, Y., Stone, D., Wang, W., Schrlau, K., Tao, S., & Simonich, S.L.M. (2011). Estimated reduction in caner risk due to PAH exposures if source control measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics were sustained. Environmental Health Prespectives, 119(6), 815–820.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kahn, J., & Yardley, J. (2007). As China roars, pollution reaches deadly extremes. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Karamichas, J. (2012). Olympic Games as an opportunity for the ecological modernization of the host nation: The case of Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004. In G. Hayes & J. Karamichas (Eds.), Olympic games, mega-events and civil societies: Globalization, environment, resistance (pp. 151–172). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Karamichas, J. (2013). The Olympic Games and the environment. England, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Kearins, K., & Pavlovich, K. (2002). The role of stakeholders in Sydney’s Green Games. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 9(3), 157–169. doi:10.1002/csr.19

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Keil, R. (2007). Sustaining modernity, modernizing nature: The environmental crisis and the survival of capitalism. In R. Krueger & D. Gibbs (Eds.), The sustainable development paradox: Urban political economy in the United States and Europe (pp. 41–65). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kellison, T.B., Bunds, K.S., Casper, J.M., & Newman, J.I. (2015). Fracking and parklands: Understanding the impact of hydraulic fracturing on public park usage. Retrieved from http://plaza.ufl.edu/tkellison/_/Home_files/Fracking-Parkland_Report.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kerr, R. (2012). Integrating scientists into the sports environment A case study of gymnastics in New Zealand. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 36(1), 3–24. doi:10.1177/0193723511433863

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kerr, R. (2014). From Foucault to Latour: Gymnastics training as a socio-technical network. Sociology of Sport Journal, 31(1), 85–101. doi:10.1123/ssj.2013-0015

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kerr, R. (2016). Sport and technology: An actor-network theory perspective. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.

  • Lang, G. (2002). Forests, floods, and the environmental state in China. Organization & Environment, 15(2), 109–130. doi:10.1177/10826602015002001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.

  • Latour, B. (1988). The pasturization of France. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Latour, B. (2000). When things strike back: A possible contribution of “science studies” to the social sciences. The British Journal of Sociology, 51(1), 107–123. doi:10.1080/000713100358453

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Latour, B. (2004). Politics of nature: How to bring sciences into democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Latour, B. (2005a). From realpolitik to dingpolitik: Or how to make things public. In B. Latour & P. Weibel (Eds.), Making things public: Atmospheres of democracy (pp. 14–43). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Latour, B. (2005b). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

  • Lenskyj, H.J. (2000). Inside the Olympic industry: Power, politics, and activism. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

  • Li, V., & Lang, G. (2010). China’s “Green GDP” experiment and the struggle for ecological modernisation. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 40(1), 44–62. doi:10.1080/00472330903270346

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Y., Wang, W., Kan, H., Xu, X., & Chen, B. (2010). Air quality and outpatient visits for asthma in adults during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing. Science of the Total Environment, 408(5), 1226–1227. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.035

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Y.W. (2013). Public diplomacy strategies of the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics: A comparative study. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(15), 1723–1734. doi:10.1080/09523367.2013.790374

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mansfield, L. (2009). Fitness cultures and environmental (in) justice? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 44(4), 345–362. doi:10.1177/1012690209343029

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Manzenreiter, W. (2010). The Beijing games in the western imagination of China: The weak power of soft power. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 34(1), 29–48. doi:10.1177/0193723509358968

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • May, V. (1995). Environmental implications of the 1992 winter Olympic Games. Tourism management, 16(4), 269–275. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(95)00016-H

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McDonald, M.G., & Birrell, S. (1999). Reading sport critically: A methodology for interrogating power. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 283–300. doi:10.1123/ssj.16.4.283

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Millington, B., & Wilson, B. (2016). An unexceptional exception: Golf, pesticides, and environmental regulation in Canada. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(4), 446–467. doi:10.1177/1012690214526878

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mol, A. (2002). The body multiple: Ontology in medial practice. Durham, UK: Duke University Press.

  • Mol, A.P. (2010). Sustainability as global attractor: The greening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Global Networks, 10(4), 510–528. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00289.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Müller, M. (2015). (Im-)mobile policies: Why sustainability went wrong in the 2014 Olympics in Sochi. European Urban and Regional Studies, 22(2), 191–209. doi:10.1177/0969776414523801

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Myer, A., & Chaffee, C. (1997). Life-cycle analysis for design of the Sydney Olympic stadium. Renewable Energy, 10(2/3), 169–172. doi:10.1016/0960-1481(96)00058-4

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Newman, J.I. (2011). [Un] comfortable in my own skin: Articulation, reflexivity, and the duality of self. Cultural Studies F0F3 Critical Methodologies, 11(6), 545–557. doi:10.1177/1532708611426110

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Olympic Watch. (2008, August 14). Olympic Watch responds to Beijing organizer claims. Praha, Czech Republic: Olympic Watch. Retrieved from http://www.olympicwatch.org/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Peiser, B., & Reilly, T. (2004). Environmental factors in the summer Olympics in historical perspective. Journal of Sports Science, 22(2), 981–1002. doi:10.1080/02640410400000298

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pitter, R. (2009). Finding the Kieran way: Recreational sport, health, and environmental policy in Nova Scotia. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 33(1), 331–351. doi:10.1177/0193723509338866

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rich, D.Q., Kipen, H.M., Huang, W., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Zhu, P., … Diehl, S.R. (2012). Association between changes in air pollution levels during the Beijing Olympics and biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis in healthy young adults. American Medical Association, 307(19), 2068–2078. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3488

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robbins, P. (2012). Political ecology. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

  • Roche, M. (2000). Megaevents and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture. London, UK: Routledge.

  • Samuel, S., & Stubbs, W. (2012). Green Olympics, green legacies? An exploration of the environmental legacies of the Olympic Games. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(4), 485–504. doi:10.1177/1012690212444576

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schouten, P. (2013). The materiality of state failure: Social contract theory, infrastructure and governmental power in Congo. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 41(3), 553–574. doi:10.1177/0305829813484818

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Secretariat, Amnesty International. (2008, July 29). People’s Republic of China: The Olympics countdown--broken promises. London, UK: Amnesty International. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA17/089/2008/en/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Silva, C.F., & Howe, P.D. (2012). The (in)validity of supercrip reprepresentation of Paralympian athletes. Journal of Sport & Social Issues 36(2), 174–194. doi:10.1177/0193723511433865

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stewart, E. (2008, August 7). IOC praises efforts to reduce air pollution in Beijing. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/07/china.olympics2008

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stoddart, B. (1990). Wide world of golf: A research note on the interdependence of sport, culture, and economy. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7, 378–388. doi:10.1123/ssj.7.4.378

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Streets, D.G., Fu, J.S., Jang, C.J., Hao, J., He, K., Tang, X., … Yu, C. (2007). Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic games. Atmospheric Environment, 41(3), 480–492. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.046

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sun, X. (2008, July 14). 绿色奥轿㿑于心践于行北京践行承诺 [Beijing Fulfills the Promise of Delivering a Green Olympics]. People’s Daily. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/sports/2008-07/14/content_8540271.htm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomas, K. (2008, March 11). Citing pollution, Gebrselassie opts out of Olympic marathon. The New York Times. Retrieved http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/sports/othersports/11olympics.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Trantor, P.J., & Lowes, M. (2009). Life in the fast lane: Environmental, economic, and public health outcomes of motorsport spectacles in Australia. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 33(2), 150–168.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tziralis, G., Tolis, A., Tatsiopoulos, I., & Aravossis, K. (2006). Economic aspects and sustainability impact of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. In Aravossis, K., Brebbia, C.A., Kararas, E., & Kungolos, A.G. (Eds.), Environmental Economics and Investment Assessment (pp. 21–33) Southhampton, UK: WIT Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • United Nations Environment Program. (2009). Independent environmental assessment: Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Program. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/pdf/BEIJING_REPORT_COMPLETE.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, T., Nie, W., Gao, J., Xue, L.K., Gao, X.M., Wang, X.F., … Wange, W.X. (2010). Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: Secondary pollutants and regional impact. Atmosphere Chemistry and Physics, 10, 7603–7615. doi:10.5194/acp-10-7603-2010

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, W., Primbs, T., Tao, S., & Simonich, S.L.M. (2009). Atmospheric particulate matter pollution during the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(14), 5314–5320. PubMed doi:10.1021/es9007504

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weedon, G. (2015). Camaraderie reincorporated: Tough Mudder and the extended distribution of the social. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 39(6), 431–454. doi:10.1177/0193723515570676

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wheaton, B. (2007). Identity, politics, and the beach: Environmental activism in surfers against sewage. Leisure Studies, 26(3), 279–302. doi:10.1080/02614360601053533

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wheeler, K., & Nauright, J. (2006). A global perspective on the environmental impact of golf. Sport in Society, 9(3), 427–443. doi:10.1080/17430430600673449

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, B. (2012a). Growth and nature: Reflections on sport, carbon neutrality, and ecological modernization. In D.L. Andrews & M. Silk (Eds.), Sport and neo-liberalism. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, B. (2012b). Sport and peace: A sociological perspective. Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.

  • Yardley, J. (2008, August 8). China’s leaders try to impress and reassure world. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/sports/olympics/09china.html?_r=0

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhang, T., & Ma, L. (2010, October 27). 北京市民拍摄一年统计蓝天比官方数据少105天 [A Beijing resident’s photo diary record shows 105 days less than the officially claimed number of “blue-sky days”]. The Beijing News. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2010-10/27/c_12704483.htm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 2291 787 34
Full Text Views 186 29 0
PDF Downloads 130 39 2