“Mike Trout When I’m Battin’ Boy”: Unpacking Baseball’s Translation Through Rap Lyrics

in Sociology of Sport Journal

Click name to view affiliation

Travis R. BellUniversity of South Florida

Search for other papers by Travis R. Bell in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
and
Victor D. KiddUniversity of South Carolina

Search for other papers by Victor D. Kidd in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

Baseball and rap music are often not considered culturally or historically synonymous, but a shift appears underway. This research examines how 239 rap lyrics reach across the formerly confined (mostly racialized) boundaries of baseball to engage the sport through its reference to 128 baseball players. A thematic analysis explores how the languages of baseball and rap culture intersect through linguistic translation. The authors develop a broad understanding of the positive and negative “baller” references, and how it could affect the future growth of baseball role models for Black youth athletes. Thus, baseball “text” as a source language translates to rap “text” as a target language to form a commonly constructed language at an intersection of music, sports, and masculinity.

Bell is with the Zimmerman School of Advertising and Mass Communications, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. Kidd is with the College of Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.

Address author correspondence to Travis R. Bell at trbell@usf.edu.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Ando, H., Cousins, R., & Young, C. (2014). Achieving saturation in thematic analysis: Development and refinement of a codebook. Comprehensive Psychology, 3(4), 17. doi:10.2466/03.CP.3.4

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Androutsopoulos, J. (2009). Language and the three spheres of hip-hop. In H. Alim, A. Ibrahim, & A. Pennycock (Eds.), Global linguistic flows (pp. 4362). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Armstrong, E.G. (2001). Gangsta misogyny: A content analysis of the portrayals of violence against women in rap music, 1987–1993. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8(2), 96126.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Belle, C. (2014). From Jay-Z to dead Prez: Examining representations of black masculinity in mainstream versus underground hip-hop music. Journal of Black Studies, 45(4), 287300. doi:10.1177/0021934714528953

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boer, D., & Fischer, R. (2010). Towards a holistic model of functions of music listening across cultures: A culturally decentered qualitative approach. Psychology of Music, 40(2), 179200. doi:10.1177/0305735610381885

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boyd, T. (2008). Young, black, rich, and famous: The rise of the NBA, the hip-hop invasion, and the transformation of American culture. New York, NY: Doubleday.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Breckenridge, R.S., & Goldsmith, P.R. (2009). Spectacle, distance, and threat: Attendance and integration of Major League Baseball, 1930–1961. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 296319. doi:10.1123/ssj.26.2.296

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burgos, A., Jr. (2009). Left out: Afro-latinos, black baseball, and the revision of baseball’s racial history. Social Text, 27(1), 3758. doi:10.1215/01642472-2008-016

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Catford, J.C. (1978). A linguistic theory of translation: An essay in applied linguistics (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Cevallos, C. (2019). Lil Nas X and Billy Ray Cyrus, Old Town Road (Official Movie). Columbia Records. Directed by Calmatic. Released on YouTube on May 17, 2019. Journal of the Society for American Music, 13(3), 396400. doi:10.1017/S1752196319000300

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practice guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.

  • Comeaux, E., & Harrison, C.K. (2004). Labels of African American ballers: A historical and contemporary investigation of African American male youth’s depletion from America’s favorite pastime, 1885–2000. The Journal of American Culture, 27(1), 6780. doi:10.1111/j.1537-4726.2004.00116.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Conrad, K., Dixon, T.L., & Zhang, Y. (2009). Controversial rap themes, gender portrayals and skin tone distortion: A content analysis of rap music videos. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(1), 134156. doi:10.1080/08838150802643795

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cundiff, G. (2013). The influence of rap and hip-hop music: An analysis on audience perceptions of misogynistic lyrics. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 4(1), 7193.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cusic, D. (2003). Baseball and country music. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

  • Darby, D., & Shelby, T. (Eds.). (2005). Hip-hop & philosophy: Rhyme 2 reason. Peru, IL: Open Court Publishing.

  • DeLorme, J., & Singer, J.N. (2010). The interest convergence principle and the integration of Major League Baseball. Journal of Black Studies, 41(2), 367384. doi:10.1177/0021934709354456

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Early, G. (1996). Birdland: Two observations on the cultural significance of baseball. The American Poetry Review, 25(4), 912.

  • Gaines, D. (1992). Teenage wasteland: Suburbia’s dead end kids. New York, NY: Harper Collins.

  • Gines, K.T. (2005). Queen bees and big pimps: Sex and sexuality in hip-hop. In D. Darby & T. Shelby (Eds.), Hip-hop and philosophy: Rhyme 2 reason (pp. 92104). Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gussow, A. (2010). Playing chicken with the train: Cowboy Troy’s hick-hop and the transracial country west. Southern Cultures, 16(4), 4170. doi:10.1353/scu.2010.0010

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harrison, L., Jr., Harrison, C.K., & Moore, L.N. (2002). African American racial identity and sport. Sport, Education and Society, 7(2), 121133. doi:10.1080/1357332022000018823

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krauss, S.E. (2005). Research paradigms and meaning making: A primer. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 758770.

  • Lapchick, R. (2018, April 12). The 2018 MLB racial and gender report card. Retrieved from http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/23132253/major-league-baseball-gets-average-marks-hiring-practices

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lashua, B.D., & Fox, K. (2007). Defining the groove: From remix to research in The Beat of Boyle Street. Leisure Studies, 29(2), 143158. doi:10.1080/01490400601160796

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • List, G. (1963). The boundaries of speech and song. Ethnomusicology, 7(1), 116. doi:10.2307/924141

  • Malone, B.C. (1985). Country music USA (rev. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.

  • Mann, G. (2008). Why does country music sound white? Race and the voice of nostalgia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(1), 73100. doi:10.1080/01419870701538893

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McLeod, K. (1999). Authenticity within hip-hop and other cultures threatened with assimilation. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 134150. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02821.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McLeod, K. (2009). The construction of masculinity in African American music and sports. American Music, 27(2), 204226.

  • Morris, D. (2011). Hick-hop hooray? “Honky Tonk Badonkadonk,” musical genre, and the misrecognitions of hybridity. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 28(5), 466488. doi:10.1080/15295036.2010.517778

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Motley, C.M., & Henderson, G.R. (2008). The global hip-hop diaspora: Understanding the culture. Journal of Business Research, 61, 243253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nathan, D.A. (2014). Baseball as the national pastime: A fiction whose time is past. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(1–2), 91108. doi:10.1080/09523367.2013.858245

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Neagu, M. (2016). Translation procedures of field-specific terms in the literary discourse. In E. Croituru (Ed.), Translation studies: Retrospective and prospective views (vol. 19, pp. 103114). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Neal, M.A. (1997). Sold out on soul: The corporate annexation of Black popular music. Popular Music and Society, 21(3), 117135. doi:10.1080/03007769708591682

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Newman, M. (2009). “That’s all concept; It’s nothing real:” Reality and lyrical meaning in rap. In H. Alim, A. Ibrahim, & A. Pennycock (Eds.), Global linguistic flows (pp. 195212). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Noe, D. (1995). Parallel worlds: The surprising similarities (and differences) of country-and-western and rap. The Humanist, 55(4), 2022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nowatzki, R. (2002). Foul lines and the color line: Baseball and race at the turn of the twentieth century. NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, 11(1), 8288. doi:10.1353/nin.2002.0039

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ottenson, E.B. (2014). The social cost of baseball: Addressing the effects of Major League Baseball recruitment in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 13(4), 767800.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pruett, D.B. (2010). MuzikMafia: From the local Nashville scene to the national mainstream. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Queeley, A. (2003). Hip hop and the aesthetics of criminalization. Souls, 5(1), 115. doi:10.1080/10999940309231

  • Richardson, L. (2000). New writing practices in qualitative research. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17(1), 520. doi:10.1123/ssj.17.1.5

  • Riley, A. (2005). The rebirth of tragedy out of the spirit of hip-hop: A cultural sociology of gangsta rap music. Journal of Youth Studies, 8(3), 297311. doi:10.1080/13676260500261892

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rogers-Spatuzzi, C., & Gluck, J. (2017, November 1). Major League Baseball players prefer hip-hop songs to get pumped up. Retrieved from https://wtop.com/mlb/2017/11/major-league-baseball-players-prefer-hip-hop-songs-get-pumped/slide/1/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingston, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., . . . Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 18931907. PubMed ID: 29937585 doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shusterman, R. (1991). The fine art of rap. New Literacy History, 22(3), 613632. doi:10.2307/469207

  • Shusterman, R. (2005). Rap aesthetics: Violence and the art of keeping it real. In D. Darby & T. Shelby (Eds.), Hip-hop and philosophy: Rhyme 2 reason (pp. 5464). Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Söderman, J., & Sernhede, O. (2016). Hip-hop—what’s in it for the academy? Self-understanding, pedagogy and aesthetical learning processes in everyday cultural praxis. Music Education Research, 18(2), 142155. doi:10.1080/14613808.2015.1049257

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stevens-Aubrey, J., & Frisby, C.M. (2011). Sexual objectification in music videos: A content analysis comparing gender and genre. Mass Communication and Society, 14(4), 475501.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Strauss, A.L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

  • Surdam, D., Brown, K., & Gabriel, P.E. (2016). No so black and white: Race and promotion in Major League Baseball, 1951–1955. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 40(4), 315328. doi:10.1177/0193723516632044

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Swanson, R.A. (2014). When baseball went white: Reconstruction, reconciliation, & dreams of a national pastime. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Teitelbaum, M. (2010). Sports in America: 1980–1989 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House.

  • Thompson, S.L. (2005). Knowwhatumsayin’? How hip-hop lyrics mean. In D. Darby & T. Shelby (Eds.), Hip-hop and philosophy: Rhyme 2 reason (pp. 119132). Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tomaszewicz, S. (2017). The relationship between politics and music of the black community. Journal of Education, Health, and Sport, 7(8), 917935.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Trujillo, N. (1991). Hegemonic masculinity on the mound: Media representations of Nolan Ryan and American sports culture. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8(3), 290308. doi:10.1080/15295039109366799

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tyrangiel, J. (2005). Hick hop: How cowboy Troy Coleman is shakin’ up country music. Time, 165(22), 6668.

  • Viljoen, M. (2004). Two reflections on urban discourse: Holy-hip as social symbolism. Muziki, 1(1), 4159. doi:10.1080/18125980408529731

  • Wagner, J. (2016, September). Latin, country, reggaeton: Great range in Mets’ playlists. The New York Times, p. SP1.

  • Walsh, C. (2013). Shout-outs to the creator: The use of biblical themes in rap lyrics. The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 25(2), 230248. doi:10.3138/jrpc.25.2.230

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Watts, E.K. (1997). An exploration of spectacular consumption: Gangsta rap as cultural commodity. Communication Studies, 48(1), 4258. doi:10.1080/10510979709368490

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weber, J. (2019, July 30). The real “Old Town Road”: Lil Nas X highlights black cowboy culture across US. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/07/30/lil-nas-x-old-town-road-black-cowboy-culture/1801170001/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weitzer, R., & Kubrin, C.E. (2009). Misogyny in rap music: A content analysis of prevalence and meanings. Men and Masculinities, 12(1), 329. doi:10.1177/1097184X08327696

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • West, C. (2005). Foreword. In D. Darby & T. Shelby (Eds.), Hip-hop & philosophy: Rhyme 2 reason (pp. xixii). Peru, IL: Open Court Publishing.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1135 873 87
Full Text Views 1006 20 2
PDF Downloads 276 17 2