Exploring “Sledging” and Interpersonal Emotion-Regulation Strategies in Professional Cricket

Click name to view affiliation

Paul A. Davis Umeå University

Search for other papers by Paul A. Davis in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Louise Davis Umeå University

Search for other papers by Louise Davis in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Samuel Wills Northumbria University

Search for other papers by Samuel Wills in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Ralph Appleby Northumbria University

Search for other papers by Ralph Appleby in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
, and
Arne Nieuwenhuys Radboud University

Search for other papers by Arne Nieuwenhuys in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0078
In Print:
Volume 32: Issue 2
Page Range:
136–145
Restricted access

The present study examines cricketers’ perceptions of emotional interactions between competitors. Semistructured interviews with 12 male professional cricketers explored experiences (i.e., emotions, cognitions, behaviors) relating to incidents during competition where they or an opponent attempted to evoke an emotional reaction (e.g., sledging). Cricketers described their use of sledging as aggressive actions and verbal interactions with the aim of disrupting concentration and altering the emotional states of opponents. They described experiencing a variety of emotions (e.g., anxiety, anger) in response to opponents’ attempts at interpersonal emotion regulation; linguistic analyses indicated that both positive than negative emotions were experienced. A range of strategies in response to competitors’ deliberate attempts at interpersonal emotion regulation were outlined. The present study extends previous research investigating interpersonal emotion regulation within teams by indicating that professional cricketers are aware of the impact of cognitions and emotions on performance and attempt to negatively influence these factors in competitors.

P. Davis and L. Davis are with the Dept. of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Inst. for Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Wills and Appleby are with the Dept. of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Nieuwenhuys is with the Behavioral Science Inst., Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands, and the Dept. of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

P. Davis (paul.davis@umu.se) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
Cover The Sport Psychologist

  • Allan, V., Turnnidge, J., Vierimaa, M., Davis, P., & Côté, J. (2016). Development of the assessment of coach emotions systematic observation instrument: A tool to evaluate coaches’ emotions in the youth sport context. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(6), 859–871. doi:10.1177/1747954116676113

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Allen, M.S., Jones, M., McCarthy, P.J., Sheehan-Mansfield, S., & Sheffield, D. (2013). Emotions correlate with perceived mental effort and concentration disruption in adult sport performers. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(6), 697–706. PubMed doi:10.1080/17461391.2013.771381

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Aronson, J. (1995). A pragmatic view of thematic analysis. The Qualitative Report, 2(1), 1–3. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol2/iss1/3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Australian Broadcasting Corporation. (2013, November 25). The ashes: Michael Clarke fined by ICC following on-field stoush with James Anderson in first test. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-25/michael-clarke-fined-for-sledging-in-first-ashes-test/5115304

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Botterill, C., & Brown, M. (2002). Emotion and perspective in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 38–60.

  • Campo, M., Sanchez, X., Ferrand, C., Rosnet, E., Friesen, A., & Lane, A.M. (2016). Interpersonal emotion regulation in team sport: Mechanisms and reasons to regulate teammates’ emotions examined. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(4), 379–394. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2015.1114501

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Davis, L., & Jowett, S. (2010). Investigating the interpersonal dynamics between coaches and athletes based on fundamental principles of attachment. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 112–132. doi:10.1123/jcsp.4.2.112.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davis, P.A. (2011). Angry athletes: Psychological, physiological, and performance implications. In J.P. Welty (Ed.), Psychology of anger: Symptoms, causes and coping. (pp. 197–212). New York, NY: Nova Science.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davis, P.A., & Davis, L. (2016). Emotions and emotion regulation in coaching. In P.A. Davis (Ed.), The psychology of effective coaching and management (pp. 285–306). New York, NY: Nova Science.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Davis, P.A., Woodman, T., & Callow, N. (2010). Better out than in: The influence of anger regulation on physical performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 49 ,457–460. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.017

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Den Hartigh, R., Gernigon, C., Van Yperen, N., Marin, L., & Van Geert, P. (2014). How psychological and behavioral team states change during positive and negative momentum. PLoSone, 9(5), 97887. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097887

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eveslage, S., & Delaney, K. (1998). Talkin’ trash at Hardwick High. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33 ,239–253. doi:10.1177/101269098033003002.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Flick, U. (2008). Designing qualitative research. London, UK: Sage.

  • Fransen, K., Steffens, N.K., Haslam, S.A., Vanbeselaere, N., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2016). We will be champions: Leaders’ confidence in ‘us’ inspires team members’ team confidence and performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(12), 1455–1469. PubMed doi:10.1111/sms.12603

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Friesen, A., Lane, A., Devonport, T., Sellars, C., Stanley, D., & Beedie, C. (2013). Emotion in sport: Considering interpersonal emotion regulation strategies. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6 ,139–154. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.742921

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gee, C.J., & Leith, L.M. (2007). Aggressive behavior and performance in professional ice hockey: A cross-cultural comparison of North American and European born players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8 ,567–583. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.06.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Grange, P., & Kerr, J.H. (2010). Physical aggression in Australian football: A qualitative study of elite athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11 ,36–43. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2010). Research methods for sports studies. London, UK: Routledge.

  • Gross, J.J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gross, J.J., & John, O.P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 ,348–362. PubMed doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Guba, E.G., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. London, UK: Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hanin, Y.L. (1997). Emotions and athletic performance: Individual zones of optimal functioning model. In R. Seiler (Ed.), European yearbook of sport psychology (pp. 29–72). St. Augustin, Germany: Academia.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hanin, Y.L. (2000). Successful and poor performance and emotions. In Y. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 157–188). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hanin, Y.L. (2003). Performance related emotional states in sport: a qualitative analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 4 ,1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hanin, Y.L. (2007). Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. In G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 31–58). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S.J. (2000). Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the thought occurrence questionnaire for sport. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 13(1), 65–86. doi:10.1080/10615800008248334

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 186–192. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.009

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Henschen, K., Statler, T., & Lidor, R. (2007). Psychological factors of tactical preparation. In B. Blumenstein, R. Lidor, & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Psychology of sport training (Vol. 2, pp. 104–114). Oxford, UK: Meyer & Meyer Sport.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hill, A.P., & Davis, P.A. (2014). Perfectionism and emotion regulation in coaches: A test of the 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism. Motivation and Emotion, 38(5), 715–726. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9404-7

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. PubMed doi:10.1177/1049732305276687

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huberts, J.C.D.W., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D.T. (2014). “Because I am worth it”: A theoretical framework and empirical review of a justification-based account of self-regulation failure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(2), 119–138. doi:10.1177/1088868313507533

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, M.I., & Harwood, C. (2008). Psychological momentum within competitive soccer: Players’ perspectives. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(1), 57–72. doi:10.1080/10413200701784841

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, M.V. (2003). Controlling emotions in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 17 ,471–486. doi:10.1123/tsp.17.4.471

  • Jones, M.V., Mace, R.D., Bray, S.R., MacRae, A.W., & Stockbridge, C. (2002). The impact of motivational imagery on the emotional state and self-efficacy levels of novice climbers. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 25(1), 57–73 .

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Joseph, S., & Cramer, D (2011). Sledging in cricket: Elite English batsmen’s experiences of verbal gamesmanship. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5 ,237–251. doi:10.1123/jcsp.5.3.237

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kahn, J.H., Tobin, R.M., Massey, A.E., & Anderson, J.A. (2007). Measuring emotional expression with the linguistic inquiry and word count. American Journal of Psychology, 120(2), 263–286. PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Koole, S.L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition & Emotion, 23 ,4–41.

  • Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

  • Lane, A.M., Beedie, C.J., Devonport, T.J., & Stanley, D.M. (2011). Instrumental emotion regulation in sport: Relationships between beliefs about emotion and emotion regulation strategies used by athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), e445–451. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01364.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lane, A.M., Davis, P.A., & Devonport, T. (2011). Effects of music interventions on emotional states and running. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10 ,400–407. PubMed

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lazarus, R.S. (2000). Cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. In Y.L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 39–63). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McCarthy, P.J., Allen, M.S., & Jones, M.V. (2013). Emotions, cognitive interference, and concentration disruption in youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(5), 505–515. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.738303

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McPherson, S.L. (2000). Expert–novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22(1), 39–62. doi:10.1123/jsep.22.1.39

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mellalieu, S.D., Neil, R., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2009). Competition stress in sport performers: Stressors experienced in the competition environment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(7), 729–744. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640410902889834

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moran, A.P. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

  • Mullen, R., Lane, A., & Hanton, S. (2009). Anxiety symptom interpretation in high-anxious, defensive high-anxious, low-anxious, and repressor sport performers. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 22 ,91–100. doi:10.1080/10615800802203769

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Neil, R., Bowles, H.C., Fleming, S., & Hanton, S. (2016). The experience of competition stress and emotions in cricket. The Sport Psychologist, 30 ,76–88. doi:10.1123/tsp.2014-0077

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R.R. (2012). Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: Toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes. Psychological Research, 76(6), 747–759. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0384-x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nieuwenhuys, A., Vos, L., Pijpstra, S., & Bakker, F.C. (2011). Meta experiences and coping effectiveness in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12 ,135–143. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.008

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2009). A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies. Emotion, 9(4), 498–509. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0015962

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Niven, K., Totterdell, P., Stride, C.B., & Holman, D. (2011). Emotion Regulation of Others and Self (EROS): The development and validation of a new individual difference measure. Current Psychology, 30 ,53–73. doi:10.1007/s12144-011-9099-9

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

  • Pennebaker, J.W., Francis, M.E., & Booth, R.J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC): LIWC 2001. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

  • Robazza, C. (2006). Emotions in sport: An IZOF perspective. In S. Hanton & S.D. Mellallieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (pp. 127–158). New York, NY: Nova Science.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2003). Intensity, idiosyncratic content and functional impact of performance-related emotions in athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21 ,171–189. PubMed doi:10.1080/0264041031000071065

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2007). Perceived impact of anger and anxiety on sporting performance in rugby players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8 ,875–896. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robazza, C., Pellizzari, M., & Hanin, Y. (2004). Emotion self-regulation and athletic performance: An application of the IZOF model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5 ,379–404. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(03)00034-7

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Roberts, R., Woodman, T., Hardy, L., Davis, L., & Wallace, H.M. (2013). Psychological skills do not always help performance: The moderating role of narcissism. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25 ,316–325. doi:10.1080/10413200.2012.731472

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ruiz, M., & Hanin, Y. (2011). Perceived impact of anger on performance of skilled karate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12 ,242–249. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.01.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ruiz, M.C., Hanin, Y., & Robazza, C. (2016). Assessment of performance-related experiences: An individualized approach. The Sport Psychologist, 30(3), 201–218. doi:10.1123/tsp.2015-0035

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ruiz, M.C., Raglin, J.S., & Hanin, Y.L. (2017). The individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model (1978–2014): Historical overview of its development and use. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 41–63. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2015.1041545

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting qualitative data (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage.

  • Sparkes, A.C., & Smith, B. (2014). Qualitative research methods in sport, exercise and health: From process to product. New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stanley, D.M., Lane, A.M., Beedie, C.J., Friesen, A.P., & Devonport, T.J. (2012). Emotion regulation strategies used in the hour before running. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(3), 159–171. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2012.671910

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18 ,101–105. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01617.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tamminen, K.A., & Bennett, E.V. (2016). No emotion is an island: An overview of theoretical perspectives and narrative research on emotions in sport and physical activity. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(2), 183–199. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2016.1254109

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tamminen, K.A., & Crocker, P.R. (2013). “I control my own emotions for the sake of the team”: Emotional self-regulation and interpersonal emotion regulation among female high-performance curlers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14 ,737–747. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tamminen, K.A., Gaudreau, P., McEwen, C.E., & Crocker, P.R. (2016). Interpersonal emotion regulation among adolescent athletes: A Bayesian multilevel model predicting sport enjoyment and commitment. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 38(6), 541–555. PubMed doi:10.1123/jsep.2015-0189

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tamminen, K.A., Palmateer, T.M., Denton, M., Sabiston, C., Crocker, P.R., Eys, M., & Smith, B. (2016). Exploring emotions as social phenomena among Canadian varsity athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27 ,28–38. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.010

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tod, D., & Hodge, K. (2001). Moral reasoning and achievement motivation in sport: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(3), 307.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Totterdell, P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 ,848–859. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.848

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Uphill, M.A., McCarthy, P.J., & Jones, M.V. (2009). Getting a grip on emotion regulation in sport: Conceptual foundations and practical applications. In S. Hanton & S. Mellalieu (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology (pp. 162–194). London, UK:Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(5), 100–110. doi:10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vallerand, R.J., & Blanchard, C.M. (2000). The study of emotion in sport and exercise. In Y. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 3–37). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vast, R.L., Young, R.L., & Thomas, P.R. (2010). Emotions in sport: Perceived effects on attention, concentration, and performance. Australian Psychologist, 45(2), 132–140. doi:10.1080/00050060903261538

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wagstaff, C. (2014). Emotion regulation and sport performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36(4), 401–412. PubMed doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0257

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wagstaff, C.R.D., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2013). Developing emotion abilities and regulation strategies in a sport organization: An action research intervention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 476–487. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.01.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wallace, H.M., Baumeister, R.F., & Vohs, K.D. (2005). Audience support and choking under pressure: A home disadvantage? Journal of Sports Science, 23 ,429–438. doi:10.1080/02640410400021666

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, G.S., Raglin, J.S., & Pritchard, M.E. (2002). Optimism, pessimism, and precompetition anxiety in college athletes. Personality & Individual Differences, 32 ,893–902. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00094-0

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., Duda, J.L., & Sharp, L (2012) Working within an individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) framework: Consultant practice and athlete reflections on refining emotion regulation skills. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13 ,291–302. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.11.011

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woodman, T., & Davis, P.A. (2008). The role of repression in the incidence of ironic errors. The Sport Psychologist, 22 ,183–196. doi:10.1123/tsp.22.2.183

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woodman, T., Davis, P.A., Hardy, L., Callow, N., Glasscock, I., & Yuill-Proctor, J. (2009). Emotions and sport performance: An exploration of happiness, hope, and anger. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31 ,169–188. PubMed doi:10.1123/jsep.31.2.169

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(6), 443–457. PubMed doi:10.1080/0264041031000101809

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3391 617 35
Full Text Views 353 56 0
PDF Downloads 207 22 1