The Development of Leadership in Model Youth Football Coaches

Click name to view affiliation

Kurtis Pankow University of Alberta

Search for other papers by Kurtis Pankow in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Amber D. Mosewich University of Alberta

Search for other papers by Amber D. Mosewich in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
, and
Nicholas L. Holt University of Alberta

Search for other papers by Nicholas L. Holt in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of leadership styles in model youth football coaches. Six award-winning youth football coaches participated, and each was interviewed twice. Within a qualitative descriptive framework, deductive analysis was completed to identify the coaches’ leadership styles, using the charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic model of outstanding leadership. Whereas pragmatic leadership behaviors were most frequently identified, all coaches appeared to have mixed leadership styles. Inductive analysis was then used to examine factors that influenced the coaches’ leadership development. Identified themes were role models, networks of coaches, experience and reflection, and formal, nonformal, and informal learning. These were consistent across all the coaches, regardless of leadership style. This study therefore provides new insights into the perceived use of pragmatic behaviors in mixed leadership styles in model youth sport coaches and indicates that similar factors contributed to their leadership development.

The authors are with the Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Pankow (pankow@ualberta.ca) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Arthur, C.A., Bastardoz, N., & Eklund, R. (2017). Transformational leadership in sport: Current status and future directions. Current Opinions in Psychology, 16 ,7883. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arthur, C.A., Hardy, L., & Woodman, T. (2012). Realising the Olympic dream: Vision, support, and challenge. Reflective Practice, 13 ,399406. doi:10.1080/14623943.2012.670112

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bass, B.M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8 ,932. doi:10.1080/135943299398410

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bedell-Avers, K., Hunter, S.T., Angie, A.D., Eubanks, D.L., & Mumford, M.D. (2009). Charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders: An examination of leader–leader interactions. The Leadership Quarterly, 20 ,299315. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.014

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bertram, R., Culver, D.M., & Gilbert, W. (2017). A university sport coach community of practice: Using a value creation framework to explore learning and social interactions. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 12 ,287302. doi:10.1177/1747954117710503

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bloom, G.A., Schinke, R.J., & Salmela, J.H. (1997). The development of communication skills by elite basketball coaches. Coaching and Sport Science Journal, 2(3),310.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Camiré, M., Trudel, P., & Forneris, T. (2014). Examining how model youth sport coaches learn to facilitate positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19 ,117. doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726975

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carter, A.D., & Bloom, G.A. (2009). Coaching knowledge and success: Going beyond athletic experiences. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 32 ,419437.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S.D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2 ,3445. doi:10.1123/jsp.2.1.34

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Côté, J., & Gilbert, W.D. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4 ,307323. doi:10.1260/174795409789623892

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E., & McKee, R.A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25 ,6382. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.004

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C., & Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25 ,3662. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C., & Van Engen, M.L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129 ,569591. PubMed ID: 12848221 doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.569

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erickson, K., Bruner, M.W., MacDonald, D.J., & Côté, J. (2008). Gaining insight into actual and preferred sources of coaching knowledge. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3 ,527538. doi:10.1260/174795408787186468

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erickson, K., Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Sport experiences, milestones, and educational activities associated with high-performance coaches’ development. The Sport Psychologist, 21 ,302316. doi:10.1123/tsp.21.3.302

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gilbert, W.D., Côté, J., & Mallet, C. (2006). Developmental paths and activities of successful sport coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1 ,6976. doi:10.1260/174795406776338526

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gilbert, W.D., & Trudel, P. (2002). Learning to coach through experience: Reflection in model youth sport coaches. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21 ,1634. doi:10.1123/jtpe.21.1.16

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gilbert, W.D., & Trudel, P. (2004). Role of the coach: How model youth team sport coaches frame their role. The Sport Psychologist, 18 ,2143. doi:10.1123/tsp.18.1.21

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gilbert, W.D., & Trudel, P. (2005). Learning to coach through experience: Conditions that influence reflection. Physical Educator, 62 ,3243.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gould, D., Collins, K., Lauer, L., & Chung, Y. (2007). Coaching life skills through football: A study of award winning high school coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19 ,1637. doi:10.1080/10413200601113786

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Griffith, J., Connelly, S., Thiel, C., & Johnson, G. (2015). How outstanding leaders lead with affect: An examination of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 26 ,502517. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.004

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15 ,12771288. PubMed ID: 16204405 doi:10.1177/1049732305276687

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hunter, S.T., Bedell-Avers, K.E., & Mumford, M.D. (2009). Impact of situational framing and complexity on charismatic, ideological and pragmatic leaders: Investigation using a computer simulation. The Leadership Quarterly, 20 ,383404. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.007

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hunter, S.T., Cushenbery, L., Thoroughgood, C., Johnson, J.E., & Ligon, G.S. (2011). First and ten leadership: A historiometric investigation of the CIP leadership model. The Leadership Quarterly, 22 ,7091. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.008

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lemyre, F., Trudel, P., & Durand-Bush, N. (2007). How youth-sport coaches learn to coach. The Sport Psychologist, 21 ,191209. doi:10.1123/tsp.21.2.191

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ligon, G.S., Hunter, S.T., & Mumford, M.D. (2008). Development of outstanding leadership: A life narrative approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 19 ,312334. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mayan, M.J. (2009). Essentials of qualitative inquiry. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

  • Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London, UK: Sage.

  • Mills, J.P., & Boardley, I.D. (2016). Expert Premier League soccer managers’ use of transformational leadership behaviours and attitudestowards sport integrity: An intrinsic case study. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11 ,382394. doi:10.1177/1747954116645011

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mumford, M.D. (2006). Pathways to outstanding leadership: A comparative analysis of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mumford, M.D., Antes, A.L., Caughron, J.J., & Friedrich, T.L. (2008). Charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leadership: Multi-level influences on emergence and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 19 ,144160. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mumford, M.D., & Van Doorn, J.R. (2001). The leadership of pragmatism: Reconsidering Franklin in the age of charisma. The Leadership Quarterly, 12 ,279309. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00080-7

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Neely, K.C., Dunn, J.G., McHugh, T.L.F., & Holt, N.L. (2016). The deselection process in competitive female youth sport. The Sport Psychologist, 30 ,141153. doi:10.1123/tsp.2015-0044

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nelson, L.J., Cushion, C.J., & Potrac, P. (2006). Formal, nonformal, and informal coach learning: A holistic conceptualization. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1 ,247259. doi:10.1260/174795406778604627

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parry, K., Mumford, M.D., Bower, I., & Watts, L.L. (2014). Qualitative and historiometric methods in leadership research: A review of the first 25 years of The Leadership Quarterly. The Leadership Quarterly, 25 ,132151. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pasternack, B.A., & O’Toole, J. (2002). Yellow-light leadership: How the world’s best companies manage uncertainty. Strategy and Business, 27 ,7483.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Riemer, H.A., & Chelladurai, P. (1995). Leadership and satisfaction in athletics. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17 ,276293. doi:10.1123/jsep.17.3.276

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rowald, J. (2006). Transformational and transactional leadership in martial arts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18 ,312325. doi:10.1080/10413200600944082

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rubin, H.J., & Rubin, I.S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing & Health, 23 ,334340. PubMed ID: 10940958. doi:10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a name? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 33 ,7784. PubMed ID: 20014004 doi:10.1002/nur.20362

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, B., & McGannon, K.R. (2017). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1),121. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, M.J., Young, D.J., Figgins, S.G., & Arthur, C.A. (2017). Transformational leadership in elite sport: A qualitative analysis of effective leadership behaviors in cricket. The Sport Psychologist, 31 ,115. doi:10.1123/tsp.2015-0077

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smoll, F.L., & Smith, R.E. (1989). Leadership behaviors in sport: A theoretical model and research paradigm. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19 ,15221551. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01462.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Steinberg, L., & Morris, A.S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52 ,83110. PubMed ID: 11148300 doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stephenson, B., & Jowett, S. (2009). Factors that influence the development of English youth soccer coaches. International Journal of Coaching Science, 3 ,314.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Strange, J.M., & Mumford, M.D. (2005). The origins of vision: Effects of reflection, models, and analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 16 ,121148. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.07.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Turnnidge, J., & Côté, J. (2016). Applying transformational leadership theory to coaching research in youth sport: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(3),116. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2016.1189948

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • van Knippenberg, D., & Sitkin, S.B. (2013). A critical assessment of charismatic-transformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board? Academy of Management Annals, 7 ,160. doi:10.5465/19416520.2013.759433

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Vella, S.A., Oades, L.G., & Crowe, T.P. (2013). The relationship between coach leadership, the coach–athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18 ,549561. doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weinberg, S.R., & Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

  • Winchester, G., Culver, D., & Camiré, M. (2013). Understanding how Ontario high school teacher-coaches learn to coach. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18 ,412426. doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.690376

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weakness in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10 ,285305. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00013-2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 2911 611 44
Full Text Views 257 56 24
PDF Downloads 162 27 7