“. . . Didn’t Only Change My Coaching, Changed My Life”: Coaches’ Use of Sport Psychology for Their Own Development and Performance

Click name to view affiliation

Tammy Sheehy West Virginia University

Search for other papers by Tammy Sheehy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Sam Zizzi West Virginia University

Search for other papers by Sam Zizzi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Kristen Dieffenbach West Virginia University

Search for other papers by Kristen Dieffenbach in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
, and
Lee-Ann Sharp University of Ulster

Search for other papers by Lee-Ann Sharp in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

This study examined the experiences of 8 high-performance coaches (male n = 6) from a range of sports who have worked with a sport psychology consultant (SPC) for their own performance enhancement as coaches. Using a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology, each participant engaged in 2 semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis of the data elicited 8 higher-order themes related to the research questions. Impetus themes included buy-in and opportunity. Benefits coaches felt they received included themes of facilitating self-awareness, performance enhancement, enhancing interactions, and friendship development. Barrier themes included lack of resources and stigma. This research gives the field of applied sport psychology insight into how SPCs and high-performance coaches navigate working together in support of the coaches’ performance and professional development.

Sheehy, Zizzi, and Dieffenbach are with the Dept. of Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Sharp is with the Academy of Sport, University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom.

Sheehy (tlsheehy@mix.wvu.edu) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Allen, J.B., & Shaw, S. (2009). Women coaches’ perceptions of their sport organizations’ social environment: Supporting coaches’ psychological needs? The Sport Psychologist, 23 ,346366. doi:10.1123/tsp.23.3.346

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Altfeld, S., Mallett, C.J., & Kellman, M. (2015). Coaches’ burnout, stress, and recovery over a season: A longitudinal study. International Sport Coaching Journal, 2 ,137151. doi:10.1123/iscj.2014-0113

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aoyagi, M.W., & Portenga, S.T. (2010). The role of positive ethics and virtues in the context of sport and performance psychology service delivery. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(3), 253259. doi:10.1037/a0019483

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Association for Applied Sport Psychology. (n.d.). Ethics code: AASP ethical principles and standards. Retrieved from https://appliedsportpsych.org/about/ethics/ethics-code/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Association for Applied Sport Psychology. (2016). Appendix 2: Sport psychology job task analysis and draft test specifications. Retrieved from http://www.appliedsportpsych.org/site/assets/files/27999/jtareportfinal012116.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barker, S., & Winter, S. (2014). The practice of sport psychology: A youth sport coaches’ perspective. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 9(2), 379392. doi:10.1260/1747-9541.9.2.379

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bentzen, M., Lemyre, P-N., & Kentta, G. (2016). Development of exhaustion for high-performance coaches in association with workload and motivation: A person-centered approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22 ,1019. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.004

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Braun, V., & Clark, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). London, UK: Sage.

  • Costa, A.L., & Kallick, B. (1993). Through the lens of a critical friend. Educational Leadership, 51(2), 4951.

  • Cushion, C.J., Nelson, L., Armour, K., Lyle, J., Jones, R., Sandford, R., & O’Callaghan, C. (2010). Coach learning and development: A review of literature. Retrieved from https://www.ukcoaching.org/sites/default/files/Coach-Learning-and-Dev-Review.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Duffy, P., Hartley, H., Bales, J., Crespo, M., Dick, R., Vardhan, D., … Curado, J. (2011). Sport coaching as a ‘profession’: Challenges and future directions. International Journal of Coaching Science, 5(2), 93123.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ferrar, P., Hosea, L., Henson, M., Dubina, N., Krueger, G., Staff, J., & Gilbert, W. (2018). Building high performing coach–athlete relationships: The USOC’s National Team Coach Leadership Education Program (NTCLEP). International Sport Coaching Journal, 5 ,6070. doi:10.1123/iscj.2017-0102

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Giges, B., Petitpas, A.J., & Vernacchia, R.A. (2004). Helping coaches meet their own needs: Challenges for the sport psychology consultant. The Sport Psychologist, 18 ,430444. doi:10.1123/tsp.18.4.430

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hall, E.T., & Gray, S. (2016). Reflecting on reflective practice: A coach’s action research narratives. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 8(4), 365379. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2016.1160950

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Horvath, A.O., Del Re, A.C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 916. PubMed ID: 21401269 doi:10.1037/a0022186

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Council for Coaching Excellence. (2013). International sport coaching framework (Vol. 1.2). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Council for Coaching Excellence. (2014). International coach developer framework. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

  • Longshore, K., & Sachs, M. (2015). Mindfulness training for coaches: A mixed-method exploratory study. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9 ,116137. doi:10.1123/jcsp.2014-0038

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maclean, J., & Lorimer, R. (2016). Are coach education programmes the most effective method for coach development? International Journal of Coaching Science. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15601.28003

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mallett, C., Rynne, S., & Dickens, S. (2013). Developing high performance coaching craft through work and study. In P. Potrac, W. Gilbert, & J. Denison (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports coaching (pp. 463475). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mallett, C.J., & Lara-Bercial, S. (2016). Serial winning coaches: People, vision and environment. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A.-M. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and exercise psychology research: From theory to practice (pp. 289322). London, UK: Academic Press (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803634-1.00014-5

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martin, S.B., Zakrajsek, R.A., & Wrisberg, C.A. (2012). Attitudes toward sport psychology and seeking assistance: Key factors and a proposed model. In C.D. Logan, & M.I. Hodges (Eds.), Psychology of attitudes (pp. 133). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moon, J.A. (2004). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning: Theory and practice. London, UK: Routledge-Falmer.

  • Nideffer, R.M. (1976). Test of attentional and interpersonal style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 394404. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.394

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Olusoga, P., Butt, J., Hays, K., & Maynard, I.W. (2009). Stress in elite sports coaching: Identifying stressors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(4), 442459. doi:10.1080/10413200903222921

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Olusoga, P., Maynard, I., Butt, J., & Hays, K. (2014). Coaching under pressure: Mental skills training for sports coaches. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 3144.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pain, M.A., & Harwood, C.G. (2004). Knowledge and perceptions of sport psychology within English soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22 ,813826. PubMed ID: 15513275 doi:10.1080/02640410410001716670

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Poczwardowski, A., & Sherman, C.P. (2011). Revisions to the sport psychology service delivery heuristic (SPSD): Explorations with experienced consultants. The Sport Psychologist, 25 ,511531. doi:10.1123/tsp.25.4.511

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rapport, F., & Wainwright, P. (2006). Phenomenology as a paradigm movement. Nursing Inquiry, 13(3), 228236. PubMed ID: 16918790 doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00325.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rynne, S.B., Mallett, C.J., & Rabjohns, M.W.O. (2017). High performance coaching: Demands and development. In R. Thelwell, C. Harwood, & I. Greenlees (Eds.), The psychology of sports coaching: Research and practice (pp. 114126). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sharp, L.A., & Hodge, K. (2013). Effective sport psychology consulting relationships: Two coach case studies. The Sport Psychologist, 27 ,313324. doi:10.1123/tsp.27.4.313

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sharp, L.A., Hodge, K., & Danish, S. (2015). Ultimately it comes down to the relationship: Experienced consultants’ views of effective sport psychology consulting. The Sport Psychologist, 29(4), 358370. doi:10.1123/tsp.2014-0130

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sotiriadou, P., & De Bosscher, V. (2018). Managing high performance sport: Introduction to past, present and future considerations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(1), 17. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1400225

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Steinfeldt, J.A., & Steinfeldt, M.C. (2012). Profile of masculine norms and help-seeking stigma in college football. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(1), 5871. doi:10.1037/a0024919

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sweeney, A., Greenwood, K.E., Williams, S., Wykes, T., & Rose, D.S. (2013). Hearing the voices of service user researchers in collaborative qualitative data analysis: The case for multiple coding. Health Expectations, 16(4), 8999. PubMed ID: 22958162 doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00810.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thelwell, R.C., Weston, N.J.V., Greenlees, I.A., & Hutchings, N.V. (2008). A qualitative exploration of psychological-skills use in coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 22 ,3853. doi:10.1123/tsp.22.1.38

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thomas, E., & Magilvy, J.K. (2011). Qualitative rigor or research validity in qualitative research. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16(2), 151155. PubMed ID: 21439005 doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00283.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tuohy, D., Cooney, A., Dowling, M., Murphy, K., & Sixmith, J. (2013). An overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research methodology. Nurse Researcher, 20(6), 1720. PubMed ID: 23909107 doi:10.7748/nr2013.07.20.6.17.e315

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wagstaff, C., Gilmore, S., Thelwell, R.C. (2015). Sport medicine and sport science practitioners’ experiences of organizational change. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(5), 685698. PubMed ID: 25487162 doi:10.1111/sms.12340

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weinberg, R., Butt, J., & Knight, B. (2001). High school coaches’ perceptions of the process of goal setting. The Sport Psychologist, 15 , 2047. doi:10.1123/tsp.15.1.20

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Werthner, P., & Trudel, P. (2009). Investigating the idiosyncratic learning paths of elite Canadian coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 433449. doi:10.1260/174795409789623946

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • West, A., Green, E., Brackenridge, C.H., & Woodward, D. (2001). Leading the way: Women’s experiences as sports coaches. Women in Management Review, 16(2), 8592. doi:10.1108/09649420110386610

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zakrajsek, R.A., Martin, S.B., & Zizzi, S.J. (2011). American high school football coaches’ attitudes toward sport psychology consultation and intentions to use sport psychology services. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(3), 461478. doi:10.1260/1747-9541.6.3.461

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zakrajsek, R.A., Steinfeldt, J.A., Bodey, K.J., Martin, S.B., & Zizzi, S.J. (2013). NCAA Division I coaches’ perceptions and preferred use of sport psychology services: A qualitative perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 27 ,258268. doi:10.1123/tsp.27.3.258

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3922 900 30
Full Text Views 355 67 9
PDF Downloads 333 68 10