The Highs and the Lows—Exploring the Nature of Optimally Impactful Development Experiences on the Talent Pathway

in The Sport Psychologist

Click name to view affiliation

Jamie Taylor The University of Edinburgh
Grey Matters Performance Limited

Search for other papers by Jamie Taylor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
and
Dave Collins The University of Edinburgh
Grey Matters Performance Limited

Search for other papers by Dave Collins in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

There appears to be general agreement that interaction with significant challenge should be a central feature of the development pathways for future high performers. There is, however, far less clarity about how such programs should be designed and delivered against core psychological principles. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to offer guidelines for talent development practitioners seeking to offer athletes the opportunity to maximize their growth and development. The authors propose that genuinely developmental experiences will likely offer a level of emotional disturbance and, as a result, more fully engage performers, prompting self and other facilitated reflection, and motivate future action. Furthermore, there is a necessity for these experiences and their follow-up, to be managed in a coherent manner and integrated with existing skills, experience, and future performance aims. In highlighting these issues, the authors offer recommendations for talent development coaches, managers, psychologists, and parents of athletes.

The authors are with the Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Grey Matters Performance Limited, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, United Kingdom.

Taylor (Jamie@greymattersuk.com) is corresponding author.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Abraham, A., & Collins, D. (2011). Taking the next step: Ways forward for coaching science. Quest, 63(4), 366384. doi:10.1080/00336297.2011.10483687

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aspinwall, L.G., & Taylor, S.E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 417436. PubMed ID: 9136643 doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.417

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baumeister, R.F., Alquist, J.L., & Vohs, K.D. (2015). Illusions of learning: Irrelevant emotions inflate judgments of learning. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 28(2), 149158. doi:10.1002/bdm.1836

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K.D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323370. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., DeWall, C.N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167203. PubMed ID: 18453461 doi:10.1177/1088868307301033

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Berger, J.G. (2004). Dancing on the threshold of meaning: Recognizing and understanding the growing edge. Journal of Transformative Education, 2(4), 336351. doi:10.1177/1541344604267697

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bjørndal, C.T., Andersen, S.S., & Ronglan, L.T. (2018). Successful and unsuccessful transitions to the elite level: The youth national team pathways in Norwegian handball. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(4), 533544. doi:10.1177/1747954117740014

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bjørndal, C.T., & Ronglan, L.T. (2018). Orchestrating talent development: Youth players’ developmental experiences in Scandinavian team sports. Sports Coaching Review, 7(1), 122. PubMed ID: 11892776 doi:10.1080/21640629.2017.1317172

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bull, S.J., Shambrook, C.J., James, W., & Brooks, J.E. (2005). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in elite English cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(3), 209227. doi:10.1080/10413200591010085

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J.L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 21(7), 294299. PubMed ID: 9683321 doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01214-9

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Calhoun, L.G., & Tedeschi, R.G. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carless, D., & Boud, D. (2018). The development of student feedback literacy: Enabling uptake of feedback. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(8), 13151325. doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1463354

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carver, C.S., Sutton, S.K., & Scheier, M.F. (2000). Action, emotion, and personality: Emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(6), 741751. doi:10.1177/0146167200268008

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Castro, V.L., Halberstadt, A.G., & Garrett-Peters, P.T. (2018). Changing tides: Mothers’ supportive emotion socialization relates negatively to third-grade children’s social adjustment in school. Social Development, 27(3), 510525. PubMed ID: 30294074 doi:10.1111/sode.12251

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Claxton, G. (2014). School as an epistemic apprenticeship: The case of building learning power. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 37(2), 227247. doi:10.1080/02103702.2014.929863

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clore, G.L., & Huntsinger, J.R. (2007). How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(9), 393399. PubMed ID: 17698405 doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, D., & MacNamara, Á. (2012). The rocky road to the top: Why talent needs trauma. Sports Medicine, 42(11), 907914. PubMed ID: 23013519 doi:10.1007/BF03262302

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, D., & MacNamara, Á. (2017). Talent development; A practitioner’s guide. London, UK: Routledge.

  • Collins, D., MacNamara, Á., & Cruickshank, A. (2019). Research and practice in talent identification and development—Some thoughts on the state of play. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(3), 340351. doi:10.1080/10413200.2018.1475430

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, D., MacNamara, Á., & McCarthy, N. (2016a). Super champions, champions, and almosts: Important differences and commonalities on the rocky road. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2009. PubMed ID: 26793141 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02009

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, D.J., Macnamara, A., & McCarthy, N. (2016b). Putting the bumps in the rocky road: Optimizing the pathway to excellence. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1482. PubMed ID: 27733841 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01482

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, D.J., Willmott, T., & Collins, L. (2018). Periodization and self-regulation in action sports: Coping with the emotional load. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1652. PubMed ID: 30233472 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01652

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collins, L., & Collins, D. (2015). Integration of professional judgement and decision-making in high-level adventure sports coaching practice. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(6), 622633. PubMed ID: 25397633 doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.953980

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Connor, J.D., Renshaw, I., & Doma, K. (2019). Moderating factors influence the relative age effect in Australian cricket. PeerJ, 7, e6867. PubMed ID: 31149397 doi:10.7717/peerj.6867

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. Boston, MA: D.C. Heath & Co Publishers.

  • Engeström, Y. (2001). Expansive learning at work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization. Journal of Education and Work, 14(1), 133156. doi:10.1080/13639080020028747

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.

  • Gabbett, T.J. (2016). The training—Injury prevention paradox: Should athletes be training smarter and harder? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(5), 273. PubMed ID: 26758673 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095788

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ganzel, B.L., Morris, P.A., & Wethington, E. (2010). Allostasis and the human brain: Integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences. Psychological Review, 117(1), 134174. PubMed ID: 20063966 doi:10.1037/a0017773

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gasper, K., & Clore, G.L. (2002). Attending to the big picture: Mood and global versus local processing of visual information. Psychological Science, 13(1), 3440. PubMed ID: 11892776 doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00406

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grecic, D., MacNamara, A., & Collins, D. (2013). The epistemological chain in action: Coaching in high level golf. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 7(1), 103126.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Güllich, A. (2014). Selection, de-selection and progression in german football talent promotion. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(6), 530537. PubMed ID: 24245783 doi:10.1080/17461391.2013.858371

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Güllich, A., & Emrich, E. (2006). Evaluation of the support of young athletes in the elite sports system. European Journal for Sport and Society, 3(2), 85108. doi:10.1080/16138171.2006.11687783

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haidt, J., & Lukianoff, G. (2018). The coddling of the American mind: How good intentions and bad ideas are setting up a generation for failure. London, UK: Penguin Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C.S. (2016). What predicts children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets? Not their parents’ views of intelligence but their parents’ views of failure. Psychological Science, 27(6), 859869. PubMed ID: 27113733 doi:10.1177/0956797616639727

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Henriksen, K., & Stambulova, N. (2017). Creating optimal environments for talent development: A holistic ecological approach. In J. Baker, S. Cobley, J. Schorer, & N. Wattie (Eds.), Routledge handbook of talent identification and development in sport. London, UK: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315668017

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N., & Roessler, K.K. (2010). Holistic approach to athletic talent development environments: A successful sailing milieu. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 212222. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.10.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hill, A., MacNamara, Á., & Collins, D. (2015). Psychobehaviorally based features of effective talent development in rugby union: A coach’s perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 29(3), 201212. doi:10.1123/tsp.2014-0103

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hill, A., MacNamara, Á., & Collins, D. (2018). Development and initial validation of the psychological characteristics of developing excellence questionnaire version 2 (PCDEQ2). European Journal of Sport Science, 19(4), 517528. PubMed ID: 30362895 doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1535627

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Howells, K., Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2017). Can athletes benefit from difficulty? A systematic review of growth following adversity in competitive sport. In M.R. Wilson, V. Walsh, & B. Parkin (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research: Sport and the Brain: The Science of Preparing, Enduring and Winning, Part B (Vol. 234, pp. 117159). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hume, D. (1739–1740/1969). A treatise of human nature. London, UK: Academic Press.

  • Immordino-Yang, M.H., & Damasio, A. (2007). We feel, therefore we learn: The relevance of affective and social neuroscience to education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(1), 310. doi:10.1111/j.1751-228X.2007.00004.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, R.L., Bailey, J., & Thompson, A. (2013). Ambiguity, noticing and orchestration: Further thoughts on managing the complex coaching context. In P. Potrac, W. Gilbert, & J. Denison (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports coaching (pp. 271283). Oxon, UK: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, R.L., & Wallace, M. (2006). The coach as ‘orchestrator’: More realistically managing the complex coaching context. In R.L. Jones (Ed.), The sports coach as educator: Re-conceptualising sports coaching (pp. 5164). Oxon, UK: Routledge.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jowett S. (2008). Coach–athlete relationships ignite sense of groupness. In M.R. Beauchamp, & M.A. Eys (Eds.), Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 6377). New York, NY: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jowett, S. (2017). Coaching effectiveness: The coach–athlete relationship at its heart. Sport Psychology, 16, 154158. PubMed ID: 28813341 doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kidman, L. (2010). Athlete-centred coaching: Developing decision makers. Auckland, New Zealand: IPC Print Resources.

  • Kirschbaum, C., Prussner, J.C., Stone, A.A., Federenko, I., Gaab, J., Lintz, D., … Hellhammer, D.H. (1995). Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subpopulation of healthy men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(5), 468474. PubMed ID: 8552738 doi:10.1097/00006842-199509000-00009

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Klein, G. (2008). Naturalistic decision making. Human Factors, 50(3), 456460. PubMed ID: 18689053 doi:10.1518/001872008X288385

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York, NY: Springer.

  • Levine, L.J., & Pizarro, D.A. (2004). Emotion and memory research: A grumpy overview. Social Cognition, 22(5), 530554. doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.530.50767

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • MacNamara, Á., Button, A., & Collins, D. (2010a). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 1: Identifying mental skills and behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 5273. doi:10.1123/tsp.24.1.52

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • MacNamara, Á., Button, A., & Collins, D. (2010b). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 2: Examining environmental and stage-related differences in skills and behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 7496. doi:10.1123/tsp.24.1.74

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mälkki, K. (2012). Rethinking disorienting dilemmas within real-life crises: The role of reflection in negotiating emotionally chaotic experiences. Adult Education Quarterly, 62(3), 207229. doi:10.1177/0741713611402047

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martindale, A., & Collins, D. (2005). Professional judgment and decision making: The role of intention for impact. The Sport Psychologist, 19(3), 303317. doi:10.1123/tsp.19.3.303

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martindale, A., & Collins, D. (2007). Enhancing the evaluation of effectiveness with professional judgment and decision making. The Sport Psychologist, 21(4), 458474. doi:10.1123/tsp.21.4.458

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martindale, R.J.J., Collins, D., & Abraham, A. (2007). Effective talent development: The elite coach perspective in UK sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(2), 187206. doi:10.1080/10413200701188944

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McCarthy, N., Collins, D., & Court, D. (2016). Start hard, finish better: Further evidence for the reversal of the RAE advantage. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(15), 14611465. PubMed ID: 26651240 doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1119297

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McEwen, B.S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 3344. PubMed ID: 9629234 doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McEwen, B.S., & Gianaros, P.J. (2010). Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 190222. PubMed ID: 201874 doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McEwen, B.S., & Sapolsky, R.M. (1995). Stress and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5(2), 205216. PubMed ID: 7620309 doi:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80028-X

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mezirow, J. (1978). Perspective transformation. Adult Education, 28(2), 100110. doi:10.1177/074171367802800202

  • Mezirow, J. (1981). A critical theory of adult learning and education. Adult Education, 32(1), 324. doi:10.1177/074171368103200101

  • Murphy, S.C., & Bastian, B. (2020). Emotionally extreme life experiences are more meaningful. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(4), 531542. doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1639795

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ollis, S., Macpherson, A., & Collins, D. (2006). Expertise and talent development in rugby refereeing: An ethnographic enquiry. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(3), 309322. PubMed ID: 16368640 doi:10.1080/17461390500188710

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pankhurst, A., Collins, D., & Macnamara, Á. (2013). Talent development: Linking the stakeholders to the process. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), 370380. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.733821

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parihar, V.K., Hattiangady, B., Kuruba, R., Shuai, B., & Shetty, A.K. (2011). Predictable chronic mild stress improves mood, hippocampal neurogenesis and memory. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(2), 171183. PubMed ID: 20010892 doi:10.1038/mp.2009.130

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Park, C.L., & Helgeson, V.S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events—Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 791796. PubMed ID: 17032084 doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.791

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peterson, C., Maier, S.F., & Seligman, M.E.P. (1993). Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Price, A., Collins, D., Stoszkowski, J., & Pill, S. (2018). Learning to play soccer: Lessons on meta-cognition from video game design. Quest, 70(3), 321333. doi:10.1080/00336297.2017.1386574

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Poczwardowski, A., & Conroy, D.E. (2002). Coping responses to failure and success among elite athletes and performing artists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(4), 313329. doi:10.1080/10413200290103581

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rees, T., Hardy, L., Güllich, A., Abernethy, B., Côté, J., Woodman, T., … Warr, C. (2016). The great British medalists project: A review of current knowledge on the development of the world’s best sporting talent. Sports Medicine, 46(8), 10411058. PubMed ID: 26842017 doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0476-2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Richards, P., Mascarenhas, D.R.D., & Collins, D. (2009). Implementing reflective practice approaches with elite team athletes: Parameters of success. Reflective Practice, 10(3), 353363. doi:10.1080/14623940903034721

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roberts, N. (2006). Disorienting dilemmas: Their effects on learners, impact on performance, and implications for adult educators. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th Annual College of Education Research Conference: Urban and International Education Section, Miami, FL.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Salmoni, A.W., Schmidt, R.A., & Walter, C.B. (1984). Knowledge of results and motor learning: A review and critical reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 355386. PubMed ID: 6399752 doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.355

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2016). Developing resilience through coaching. In R. Thelwell, C. Harwood, & I. Greenlees (Eds.), The psychology of sports coaching: Research and practice (pp. 235248). London, UK: Routledge.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sarkar, M., Fletcher, D., & Brown, D.J. (2015). What doesn’t kill me…: Adversity-related experiences are vital in the development of superior Olympic performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(4), 475479. PubMed ID: 25035123 doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.010

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Savage, J., Collins, D., & Cruickshank, A. (2016). Exploring traumas in the development of talent: What are they, what do they do, and what do they require? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(1), 101117. doi:10.1080/10413200.2016.1194910

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schön, D.A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How practitioners think in action. San Francisco, CA: Harper Collins.

  • Schön, D.A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G.L. (1996). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In E.T. Higgins, & A.W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 433465). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Selye, H. (1976). Stress in health and disease. Boston, MA: Butterworths. doi:10.1016/C2013-0-06263-9

  • Sterling, P. (2004). Principles of allostasis: Optimal design, predictive regulation, pathophysiology, and rational therapeutics. In J. Schulkin (Ed.), Allostasis, homeostasis, and the costs of physiological adaptation (pp. 1764). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316257081.004

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taylor, E.W. (2007). An update of transformative learning theory: A critical review of the empirical research (1999–2005). International Journal of Lifelong Education, 26(2), 173191. doi:10.1080/02601370701219475

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taylor, J., & Collins, D. (2019). Shoulda, Coulda, Didnae—Why don’t high-potential players make it? The Sport Psychologist, 33(2), 8596. doi:10.1123/tsp.2017-0153

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Target article: “Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence”. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 118. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van Yperen, N.W. (1995). Interpersonal stress, performance level, and parental support: A longitudinal study among highly skilled young soccer players. The Sport Psychologist, 9(2), 225241. doi:10.1123/tsp.9.2.225

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Van Yperen, N.W. (2009). Why some make it and others do not: Identifying psychological factors that predict career success in professional adult soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 23(3), 317329. doi:10.1123/tsp.23.3.317

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wade, S.M., Pope, Z.C., & Simonson, S.R. (2014). How prepared are college freshmen athletes for the rigors of college strength and conditioning? A survey of college strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(10), 27462753. PubMed ID: 24714539 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000473

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Webb, V., Collins, D., & Cruickshank, A. (2016). Aligning the talent pathway: Exploring the role and mechanisms of coherence in development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(19), 17991807. PubMed ID: 26788766 doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1139162

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wiliam, D. (2013). Principled curriculum design. In P. Chambers (Ed.), Redesigning schooling-3 (pp 246). London, UK: SSAT (The School Network) Ltd.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wood, W., Quinn, J.M., & Kashy, D.A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 12811297. PubMed ID: 12500811 doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wyer, R.S., Clore, G.L., & Isbell, L.M. (1999). Affect and information processing. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 31, pp. 177). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60271-3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zhao, Y. (2017). What works may hurt: Side effects in education. Journal of Educational Change, 18(1), 119. doi:10.1007/s10833-016-9294-4

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3143 1155 49
Full Text Views 136 30 3
PDF Downloads 110 32 5