Gender Integration in Collegiate Combative Physical Education Classes

in Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal

Click name to view affiliation

Alexander J. BedardUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by Alexander J. Bedard in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Kevin A. BigelmanUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by Kevin A. Bigelman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Lynn R. FielitzUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by Lynn R. Fielitz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Jeffrey D. CoelhoUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by Jeffrey D. Coelho in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
William B. KobbeUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by William B. Kobbe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Renard O. BaroneUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by Renard O. Barone in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
,
Nicholas H. GistUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by Nicholas H. Gist in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
, and
John E. PalmerUnited States Military Academy

Search for other papers by John E. Palmer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
*
Restricted access

Collegiate combative physical education classes, such as boxing, grappling, wrestling, and martial arts, offer many positive benefits to students and institutions. There has been an increased interest in combative sports in recent years. As a result of media focus on high-profile female athletes in combative sports, combative physical education classes have become increasingly popular with women. Physical education programs stand to greatly benefit from gender integration of combative classes. Educators and administrators, however, need to consider a number of social, psychological, physiological, and medical factors in order to ensure successful gender integration. Approaching gender integration with a careful and deliberate process that involves physical educators, administrators, and medical personnel will ensure programs maintain an authentic yet safe environment contributing to the attainment of course objectives. When executed in a prudent and deliberate manner, gender integration of combative course offerings has been anecdotally observed to improve women’s self-confidence, sense of inclusion, teamwork, and to enhance cohesion among students of both genders.

Bedard, Bigelman, Fielitz, Coelho, Kobbe, Barone, Gist, and Palmer are with the Department of Physical Education, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY.

Address author correspondence to Alexander J. Bedard at alexander.j.bedard.mil@mail.mil.
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Augustsson, S.R., Bersas, E., Thomas, E.M., Sahlberg, M., Augustsson, J., & Svantesson, U. (2009). Gender differences and reliability of selected physical performance tests in young women and men. Advances in Physiotherapy, 11, 6470. doi:10.1080/14038190801999679

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baumgartner, T.A., Oh, S., Chung, H., & Hales, D. (2002). Objectivity, reliability, and validity for a revised push-up test protocol. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 6, 225242. doi:10.1207/S15327841MPEE0604_2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bedard, A., Peterson, R., & Barone, R. (2017). Punching through barriers: Female cadets integrated into mandatory boxing at west point. Army: The Magazine of the Association of the United States Army, 67(12), 4042. Retrieved from https://www.ausa.org/articles/punching-through-barriers-female-cadets-boxing-west-point

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, D., & Johnson, A. (2000). The social practice of self-defense martial arts: Applications for physical education. Quest, 52, 246259. doi:10.1080/00336297.2000.10491713

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Daneshvar, D.H., Nowinski, C.J., McKee, A.C., & Cantu, R.C. (2011). The epidemiology of sport-related concussion. Clinical Sports Medicine, 30, 117. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services. (2017). Annual Report. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. Retrieved from http://dacowits.defense.gov/Portals/48/Documents/Reports/2017/Annual%20Report/DACOWITS%202017%20Annual%20Report_FINAL.PDF?ver=2018-02-28-222504-937

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dick, R. (2009). Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(Supp I), 4650. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dick, R., Agel, J., & Marshall, S.W. (2007). National collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system commentaries: Introduction and methods. Journal of Athletic Training, 42, 173182. PubMed ID: 21714302

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Flintoff, A., & Scraton, S. (2001). Stepping into active leisure? Young women’s perceptions of active lifestyles and their experiences of school physical education. Sport Education and Society, 6(1), 521. doi:10.1080/713696043

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Geer, E.B., & Shen, W. (2009). Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. Gender Medicine, 6(Supp 1), 6075. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2009.02.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gessel, L.M., Fields, S.K., Collins, C.L., Dick, R.W., & Comstock, R.D. (2007). Concussions among United States High School and Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 495503. PubMed ID: 18174937

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Head, S. (2016, December 15). Equality in the Octagon: How the UFC’s women have TKO’d the gender gap in combat sports. The Sun. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/mma/2402517/equality-in-the-octagon-how-the-ufcs-women-have-tkod-the-gender-gap-in-combat-sports/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hutchinson, M.G., Lawrence, D.W., Cusimano, M.D., & Schweizer, T.A. (2014). Head trauma in mixed martial arts. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 13521358. doi:10.1177/0363546514526151

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knapik, J.J., Hauret, K.G., Arnold, S., Canham-Chervak, M., Mansfield, A.J., Hoedebecke, E.L., & McMillian, D. (2003). Injury and fitness outcomes during implementation of physical readiness training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 372381. PubMed ID: 12868050 doi:10.1055/s-2003-40710

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knowles, S.B., Marshall, S.W., & Guskiewicz, K.M. (2006). Issues in estimating risks and rates in sports injury research. Journal of Athletic Training, 41, 207215. PubMed ID: 16791309

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Koh, O.J., Cassidy, J.D., & Watson, E.J. (2003). Incidence of concussion in contact sports: A systematic review of the evidence. Brain Injuries, 17, 901917. doi:10.1080/0269905031000088869

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kutcher, J.S., & Eckner, J.T. (2010). At-risk populations in sports-related concussion. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(1), 1620. PubMed ID: 20071916 doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181caa89d

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lakes, K.D., & Hoyt, W.T. (2004). Promoting self-regulating through school-based martial arts training. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 283302. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.002

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lamothe, D. (2016, September 21). West point women have a bloody requirement as the army completes gender integration. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/09/21/west-point-women-have-a-new-bloody-requirement-as-the-army-completes-gender-integration/?utm_term=.7707dec6792d

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lee, B., & McGill, S. (2014). Striking dynamics and kinetic properties of boxing and MMA gloves. Revista de Artes Marcials Asiaticas, 9, 106115. doi:10.18002/rama.v9i2.1175 Retrieved from http://revpubli.unileon.es/ojs/index.php/artesmarciales/article/download/1175/1090

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Loosemore, M., Lightfoot, J., Palmer-Green, D., Gatt, I., Bilzon, J., & Beardsley, C. (2015). Boxing injury epidemiology in the Great Britain team: A 5-year surveillance study of medically diagnosed injury incidence and outcome. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 11001107. PubMed ID: 26192194 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094755

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meaney, K.S., Griffin, L.K., & Hart, M.A. (2005). The effect of model similarity on girls’ motor performance. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 24, 165178. doi:10.1123/jtpe.24.2.165

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nakrosis, S. (2017, October 28). At west point, all cadets must learn to take a punch. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/at-west-point-all-cadets-must-learn-to-take-a-punch-1509195601

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ngai, K.M., Levy, F., & Hsu, E.B. (2008). Injury trends in sanctioned mixed martial arts competition: A 5-year review from 2002 to 2007. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 686689. PubMed ID: 18308883 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044891

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ouergui, I., Hssin, N., Haddad, M., Padulo, J., Franchini, E., Gmada, N., & Bouhel, E. (2014). The effects of five weeks of kickboxing training on physical fitness. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 4, 106113. PubMed ID: 25332919

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rios, S.O., Marks, J., Estevan, I., & Barnett, L. (2018). Health benefits of hard martial arts in adults: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36, 16141622. doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1406297

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schmidt, R.A., & Wrisberg, C.A. (2004). Motor learning and performance: A problem-based approach (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • USA Boxing. (2014). Best practices training manual [v 01.1]. Colorado Springs, CO, USA. Retrieved from https://www.teamusa.org/-/media/USA_Boxing/Annemarie/Grassroots-Manual.pdf?la=en&hash=2C982F83AB9B529953C0EC8BF77F678EAC014175

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • USA Boxing. (2017, November 1). USA Boxing National Rule Book. Colorado Springs, CO, USA. Retrieved from https://www.teamusa.org/usa-boxing/usa-boxing-national-rule-book

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • West Point Audio Visual Services. (2016). West Point Boxing Gender Integration. West Point, NY: United States Military Academy. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwBrlBugUgE

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Winkle, J.M., & Ozmun, J.C. (2003). Martial arts: An exciting addition to the physical education curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 74(4), 2935. doi:10.1080/07303084.2003.10609199

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woodward, T.W. (2009). A review of the effects of martial arts practice on health. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 108, 4043. PubMed ID: 19326635 Retrieved from http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/108/1/40.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woolf, J., Berg, B.K., Newland, B.L., & Green, B.C. (2016). So you want to be a fighter? Institutional work and sport development processes at an elite mixed martial arts gym. Journal of Sport Management, 30, 438452. doi:10.1123/jsm.2014-0301

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 2264 879 89
Full Text Views 22 2 0
PDF Downloads 26 5 0