The Women’s Sports Foundation 50 Years of Title IX: We’re Not Done Yet Executive Summary and Policy Recommendations

in Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal

Click name to view affiliation

Ellen J. Staurowsky Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA

Search for other papers by Ellen J. Staurowsky in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
*
,
Courtney L. Flowers Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA

Search for other papers by Courtney L. Flowers in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Erin Buzuvis Western New England School of Law, Springfield, MA, USA

Search for other papers by Erin Buzuvis in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Lindsay Darvin Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Search for other papers by Lindsay Darvin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Natalie Welch Linfield University, McMinnville, OR, USA

Search for other papers by Natalie Welch in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2022-0053
Keywords:
Title IX; Women’s Sports Foundation; women’s sports; gender equity; BIPOC women athletes; names; images; likenesses; esports
First Published Online:
16 Sep 2022
Corrected:
03 Feb 2023
In Print:
Volume 30: Issue 2
Page Range:
71–84
ERRATUM TO THIS ARTICLE
Restricted access

In 2022, the Women’s Sports Foundation published a report addressing the current status of Title IX compliance in U.S school-based sports, examining the limitations of Title IX as a single axis law that addresses gender but not other areas of intersectionality including race, gender identity, sexual orientation, and ability. What is presented here is the executive summary and policy recommendations from the report.

Welch is now at Seattle University, WA, USA.

Staurowsky (staurows@ithaca.edu) is corresponding author.

  • Collapse
  • Expand

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal

Cover Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal

  • Associated Press. (2022). Male athletes lead way in NIL money, according to third-party data. ESPN.com. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/33160929/male-athletes-lead-way-nil-money-per-data

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ATIXA-Association of Title IX Administrators. (2020). About ATIXA and title IX. https://atixa.org/about/#WAN

  • Athlete Ally. (2021). The future of women’s sports includes transgender women and girls. Position paper .http://www.athleteally.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/The-Future-of-Womens-Sport-includes-Transgender-Women-and-Girls-Statement_11.15.21.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bailey Glasser. (2021). Title IX victories. Case Studies. https://www.baileyglasser.com/casestudy-casestudy-title-ix-victories

  • Bell, B. (2022). La’Quanza Glover believed to be the first HBCU female athlete with an NIL deal. Business of College Sports. https://businessofcollegesports.com/name-image-likeness/laquanza-glover-believed-to-be-the-first-hbcu-female-with-an-nil-deal/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, 590 U.S. 140, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1737 (2020).

  • Brake, D. (2010). The invisible pregnant athlete and the promise of Title IX. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 31, 323. https://scholarship.law.pitt.edu/fac_articles/7/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brittain, I. (2019). The impact of resource inequality upon participation and success at the summer and winter Paralympic Games. Journal of the Paralympic Games, 12, 41–67. https://doi.org/10.32229/parasapo.12.0_41

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Butler, J., & Lopiano, D. (2003). Title IX and race in intercollegiate sport. Women’s Sports Foundation. https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/title_ix_and_race_full.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carter-Francique, A.R., & Flowers, C.L. (2013). Intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender in sport. In E. Roper (Ed.), Gender relations in sport (pp. 73–93). Brill.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, S. (2021). Female athletes who cashed in on NIL deals. Just Women’s Sport. https://justwomenssports.com/female-athletes-who-have-cashed-in-on-nil-deals/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cooper, J.N., & Newton, A. (2021). Black female college athletes’ sense of belonging at a Historically Black College and University (HBCU). The Journal of Negro Education, 90(1), 71–83.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Corbett, D. (2001). Minority women of color: Unpacking racial ideology. In G. Cohen (Ed.), Women in sport issues and controversies (pp. 291–310). National Association for Girls and Women in Sport.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Corbett, D., & Johnson, W. (2000). The African American female in collegiate sport: Sexism and racism. In D. Brooks & R. Althouse (Eds.), Racism in college athletics: The African American athlete’s experience (pp. 199–225). Fitness Information Technology

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 25–42. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315582924-10

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dees, J.A. (2007). Access or interest: Why brown has benefited African-American women more than Title IX. University of Missiouri Kansas City Law Review, 76, 625.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dosh, K. (2021). Linktree announces NIL partnerships with 5 college athletes. Business of College Sports. https://businessofcollegesports.com/name-image-likeness/linktree-announces-nil-partnerships-with-5-college-athletes

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fair Play for Girls in Sport. (2021). Ensuring gender equality in athletics for girls in school and parks and recreation programs. Legal Aid at Work. https://www.fairplayforgirlsinsports.org/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Flowers, C.L. (2015). Legal issues and the Black female athlete’s collegiate experience at HBCUs. In B.J. Hawkins, J. Cooper, A.R. Carter-Francique, & J.K. Cavil (Eds.), Black college athletes: The sporting life at historically black colleges and universities. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • GLSEN. (2022). Gender affirming and inclusive athletics participation .Issue brief. https://www.glsen.org/activity/gender-affirming-inclusive-athletics-participation

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goldberg, S.K. (2021). Fair play: The importance of sport participation for transgender youth. Center for American Progress. https://americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fair-Play-correction2.pdf?_ga=2.160449853.1801246291.1657220126-232865471.1657220126

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Griffin, P., & Carroll, H. (2011). NCAA inclusion of transgender student-athletes. National Collegiate Athletic Association. https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/inclusion/lgbtq/INC_TransgenderHandbook.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Illinois Enhance Physical Education Task Force. (2013). Illinois State Board of Education.https://www.isbe.net/Pages/Enhanced-Physical-Education-Task-Force.aspx

  • Jenkins, W. (2019). Why hundreds of colleges may be out of compliance with title IX. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 66(9), 1.

  • Johnson, M.M. (2008). The African American woman golfer: Her legacy. Praeger Publishers.

  • Kaplan, H., & Fink, L.L.P. (2021). NCAA gender equity external review report: Phase I. https://kaplanHeckerer.app.box.com/s/6fpd51gxk9ki78f8vbhqcqh0b0o95oxq

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lhamon, C. (2015a). Dear colleague letter on title IX coordinators. U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201504-title-ixcoordinators.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lhamon, C. (2015b). Protecting civil rights, advancing equity. U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. https://www2.ed.gov/about/reports/annual/ocr/report-to-president-and-secretary-of-education-2013-14.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Marcus, K. (2004). Dear colleague letter: Title IX grievance procedures, elementary and secondary education. U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/responsibilities_ix.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mathewson, A.D. (2012). Remediating discrimination against African American females at the intersection of title IX and title VI, 2 wake forest journal of law & policy 295. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/law_facultyscholarship/379

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Matthews, M., & McCune, S.D. (1977). Title IX grievance procedures: An introductory manual. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Matthews, M., & McCune, S.D. (1987). Title IX grievance procedures: An introductory manual. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McDowell, J., & Carter-Francique, A. (2017). An intersectional analysis of the workplace experiences of African American female athletic directors. Sex Roles, 77(5), 393–408. https://www.icos.umich.edu/sites/default/files/lecturereadinglists/Intersectionality%20and%20Black%20Women%20in%20Sport%20Workplace.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nash, M.A., Klein, S.S., & Bitters, B. (2007). The role of government in advancing gender equity in education. In S. Klein (Ed.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 63–101). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Center for Educational Statistics. (2020). College enrollment rates. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_cpb.pdf

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (2022a). Students with disabilities. Condition of education. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cgg

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Center for Educational Statistics. (2022b). Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of institution: Selected years, 1947 through 2028. Digest of Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_303.10.asp?current=yes%22%20%5Ct%20%22_blank

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2021). NCAA sport sponsorship and participation rates report (1956–1957 through 2020–2021). National Collegiate Athletic Association. https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/research/sportpart/2021RES_SportsSponsorshipParticipationRatesReport.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Smith (98–84) 525 U.S. 459 (1999), 139 F.3d 180, vacated and remanded.

  • National Federation of State High School Associations (NFSH). (2019). High school participation survey archive. https://www.nfhs.org/sports-resource-content/high-school-participation-survey-archive/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Women’s Law Center (NWLC) and the Poverty and Race Research Action Center (PRRCA). (2015). Finishing last: Girls of color and school sports opportunities. Poverty and Race Research Action Center. http://www.prrac.org/pdf/GirlsFinishingLast_Report.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Women’s Law Center v. District of Columbia Public Schools. (2013). Complaint filed with the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. https://doi.org/2013_6_27_dcps_complaint_final.pdf (nwlc.org)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • NCAA (2020). NCAA race and demographics database [Database]. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2018/12/13/ncaa-demographics-database.aspx

  • New, J. (2015). Title IX coordinators required. Inside Higher Education. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/04/27/education-department-reminds-colleges-hire-title-ix-coordinators

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pappas, B. (2021). Competition and collaboration: Title IX coordinators and the barriers to achieving educational equity. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 21(2), 94–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/13582291211014403

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pickett, M.W., Dawkins, M.P., & Braddock, J.H. (2012). Race and gender equity in sports: Have white and African American females benefited equally from title IX? The American Behavioral Scientist, 56(11), 1581–1603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212458282

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Planos, J. (2021). What do 60 percent of America’s gold medals from Tokyo have in common? Fivethirtyeight.com. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/american-women-stole-the-show-in-tokyo/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Poverty and Race Research Action Center (PRRCA) and the National Women’s Law Center (NWLC). (2015). Finishing last: Girls of color and school sports opportunities.http://www.prrac.org/pdf/GirlsFinishingLast_Report.pdf

  • Rodkey, J., Staurowsky, E.J., Kelly, K., & Sonderfeld, T. (2019). Examining the knowledge and perceptions of division II collegiate athletic administrators, staff, and coaches regarding gender equity and title IX standards. Paper presented to the College Sport Research Institute Conference, University of South Carolina.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schaeffer, K. (2020). As schools shift to online learning, here’s what we know about disabled students. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/23/as-schools-shift-to-online-learning-amid-pandemic-heres-what-we-know-about-disabled-students-in-the-u-s/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E. (2016). Title IX in its third decade: The commission on opportunity in athletics. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal, 2(3), 70–93. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.129

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., DeSousa, M.J., Miller, K.E., Sabo, D., Shakib, S., Theberge, N., Veliz, P., Weaver, A., & Williams, N. (2015). Her life depends on it III: Sport, physical activity, and the health and well-being of American girls and women. Women’s Sports Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., Flowers, C.L., Buzuvis, E., Darvin, L., & Welch, N. (2022). Title IX and the Next 50 Years; What does the future hold for girls and women in sport? Women’s Sports Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., & Rhoads, A. (2020). Title IX coordinators in NCAA division I institutions: Roles, responsibilities, and potential conflicts of interest. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics. http://csri-jiia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/RA_2020_18.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., Watanabe, N., Cooper, J., Cooky, C., Lough, N., Paule-Koba, A., Pharr, J., Williams, S., Cummings, S., Issokson-Silver, K., & Snyder, M. (2020). Chasing equity: The triumphs, challenges, and opportunities in sports for girls and women. Women’s Sports Foundation.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., & Weight, E.A. (2011). Title IX literacy: What coaches don’t know and need to find out. The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 4(2), 190–209. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.4.2.190

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., & Weight, E.A. (2013). Discovering dysfunction in Title IX implementation: NCAA administrator literacy, responsibility, and fear. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 5(1), 1–30. https://trace.tennessee.edu/jasm/vol5/iss1/9

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Staurowsky, E.J., Zonder, E., & Reimer, B. (2017). Title IX knowledge among college athletes and non-athletes in NCAA division I and III institutions. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 25, 30–42.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Stewart, R., & Harris, P.R. (1979). A policy interpretation: Title IX and intercollegiate athletics. U.S. Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/t9interp.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Turner, K. (2021). Making community youth sports fair and accessible for girls, once and for all. NRPA.org. https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2021/january/making-community-youth-sports-fair-and-accessible-for-girls-once-and-for-all/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • U.S. Center for Safe Sport. (2020). Minor athlete abuse prevention policies manual. https://uscenterforsafesport.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MAAPP_Manual_Finalv2.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • U.S. Center for SafeSport. (2022). 2022 minor athlete abuse policies. https://maapp.uscenterforsafesport.org/resource/2022-minor-athlete-abuse-prevention-policies/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010). Students with disabilities: More information and guidance could improve opportunities in physical education and athletics. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-10-519.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webster, K. (2020). To what extent did title IX create equality within athletics: Analyzing female athletic participation in high school institutions [Unpublished senior thesis], Bemidji State University. https://doi.org/2695429-12052336-Kellyn-Webster-May-3-2020-624-PM-Final-Thesis.pdf (bemidjistate.edu)

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1093 1081 142
Full Text Views 2000 986 14
PDF Downloads 1385 656 15