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Volume 18 (2024): Issue 3 (Sep 2024)
Volume 21 (2024): Issue 9 (Sep 2024)
Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Turkish Young Children
Neslişah Yaren Kırcı, Emine Çağlar, Erdem Karabulut, Menekşe Boz, Gıyasettin Demirhan, and Ayda Karaca
The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Turkish children. A total of 255 children aged 5–10 years (131 girls and 124 boys) participated in this study. One week later, a random subsample (n = 40) was implemented the scale again for test–retest reliability. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis to test the construct validity of the Turkish version of the scale and calculated the omega (ω) internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to ascertain reliabilities of the subscales. The confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit index values for the model with 13 items indicating a similar factor structure to the original scale’s two-factor structure (χ 2/df = 1.56; root mean square error of approximation = .048; Tucker–Lewis index = .97; comparative-fit index = .97). The test–retest reliabilities were excellent for the perceived locomotor (ICC = .95) and object control (ICC = .93) skills. An adequate internal consistency coefficient was found for locomotor (ω = 0.69) and object control (ω = 0.82) skills. Subsequent analyses supported the construct, metric, partial scalar and strict invariance of responses to the scale as a function of sex. Overall, the pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence has acceptable psychometric properties and can be confidently used in research or practice to assess Turkish children’s perceived movement skill competence.
Whey Protein Supplementation in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing a Resistance Training Program: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Celine de Carvalho Furtado, Giovana Jamar, Alan Carlos Brisola Barbosa, Victor Zuniga Dourado, José Reinaldo do Nascimento, Glaucia Cristina Antunes Ferraz de Oliveira, Edgar Matias Bach Hi, Thiago de Arruda Souza, Maria José Gonzalez Parada, Felipe Granado de Souza, Claudia Ridel Juzwiak, and Império Lombardi Júnior
Background/Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of whey protein (WP) supplementation on glycemic control, muscle strength, quality of life, and body composition in older adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes undergoing a resistance training program. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was carried out with older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Body composition, food intake, muscle strength, glycemic profile, markers of renal function, cardiopulmonary capacity, and quality of life were evaluated. Older adults were randomized into a supplementation group with 33 g of WP consumed twice a week on days of resistance training for 12 weeks supplemented group and a placebo group. Results: In total, 39 older adults were randomized into two groups, 19 in the supplement group and 20 in the placebo group. Both groups showed improvement in muscle strength, with the WP group failing to exceed that of the control group. WP supplementation slightly increased blood urea compared with the placebo group (p = .05), but values remained within normal limits. The group that used WP showed a small improvement in mental health, according to the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire, but without clinically important improvements. Conclusion: Both groups showed improvements in muscle strength and mass, regardless of supplementation, showing that resistance exercises performed twice a week can contribute to the nonprogression of sarcopenia in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. More studies are needed to determine the safe and effective amount of supplementation to improve muscle strength without renal impairment in older adults with diabetes.
Association of Daily Physical Activity With Motivation in Prefrail and Frail Older Adults Living in Retirement Communities
Daniel S. Rubin, David E. Conroy, and Margaret K. Danilovich
Older adults living in retirement communities are an understudied population, and the association between their motivation and daily physical activity is unknown. We recruited participants (n = 173) living in a retirement community who completed the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 and wore an activPAL accelerometer to evaluate this relationship. Participants had a median age of 81 years and demonstrated low levels of daily activity with an average step count of 3,637 (±1,965) steps per day and 52 (±25) min of daily stepping time. External motivation was negatively associated with the square root of daily step count (β = −4.57; p < .001) and square root of daily stepping time (β = −0.49; p < .001). Older adults living in retirement communities demonstrated low levels of daily activity, with a negative association between external motivation and daily activity. Strategies are needed to make an active lifestyle supportive and enticing for older adults in these communities.
The Gridiron’s Ethical Striping: Threads of Tackle Football’s Moral Permissibility
Francisco Javier López Frías
In this paper, I examine the ethical landscape surrounding tackle football, exploring the moral permissibility of the sport and the myriad ethical considerations it entails. This examination comprises the use of an ethical decision-making framework to analyze four key aspects: relevant empirical facts, affected parties, salient moral values/disvalues, and potential options. In pondering these aspects, I identify the ethical conflicts arising from factual disagreements, conflicting interests, and divergent values/disvalues concerning players’ decision to partake in gridiron football. In addition to emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing such aspects and conflicts to devise potential solutions, I contend that ethical issues related to the permissibility of football ultimately stem from value-related conflicts, highlighting the necessity of examining and reconciling conflicting moral principles.
Dose–Response Relationships of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Time With Renal Function Indices in Adolescents With Reduced Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zisai Wang, Qiuwei Tian, Yujie Xu, Marady Hun, Lin Hu, Mingyi Zhao, and Qingnan He
Background: This study aimed to explore the associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time with renal function indices in adolescents with kidney disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 719 adolescents (median age 15 y, 40.6% female) with kidney disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. The exposures were MVPA time and sedentary time. Renal metabolic parameters included serum uric acid (SUA), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the albumin creatinine ratio. Weighted multivariate regression analysis was used to estimate associations between exposures and outcomes. Results: After stratifying MVPA time, the regression effect values β (95% CI) for MVPA on SUA (Q2: −0.22 [−0.41 to −0.03]; Q3: −0.32 [−0.53 to −0.11]) and creatinine (Q2: −0.08 [−0.15 to −0.01]; Q3: −0.04 [−0.11 to 0.03]) gradually decreased with increasing MVPA time. In males (−0.76 [−1.19 to −0.32]), MVPA time was significantly associated with lower SUA levels compared with females (−0.14 [−0.38 to 0.10]). Notably, female adolescents who had an MVPA time exceeding 420 minutes exhibited lower albumin creatinine ratio (−75.37 [−146.63 to −4.11]). In addition, both recreational MVPA time (−0.26 [−0.45 to −0.06]) and sedentary time (−3.15 [−5.83 to −0.46]) were negatively associated with eGFR. Conclusions: Our study found an association between MVPA and lower levels of SUA in male adolescents with kidney disease and albuminuria in female adolescents with kidney disease. In addition, MVPA was also negatively associated with creatinine and eGFR, whereas sedentary time was only associated with eGFR. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Effects of Physical Activity Interventions on Physical Self-Perception in College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhiling Yang, Zhiying Yang, Wengling Ou, Qing Zeng, and Jiafu Huang
Background: Although the physical activities have demonstrated efficacy in improving physical self-perception, the findings of available studies in college students were conflicting. This review aimed to examine the effects of physical activity interventions on physical self-perception in college students. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, WanFang, and Chinese Technical Periodicals were searched from inception to April 2024. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or non-RCTs (non-RCTs) that examined the effects of physical activity interventions on college students’ physical self-perception. Random-effects models were used in meta-analyses to synthesize effect sizes. Results: Forty studies (17 RCTs and 23 non-RCTs) with 4955 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, physical activity interventions had small to moderate significant effect on physical self-worth (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.44, P < .00001), perceived sports competence (SMD = 0.60, P < .00001), perceived physical condition (SMD = 0.45, P < .00001), perceived physical strength (SMD = 0.53, P < .00001), and perceived body attractiveness (SMD = 0.54, P < .00001). Significant differences were observed in study design (P = .031–.039), intervention type (P = .003–.031), and intervention duration (P = .002–.036) for some aspects of physical self-perception, such as perceived physical strength and perceived body attractiveness. Conclusions: Physical activity interventions have beneficial effects on physical self-perception in college students, especially those conducted for 12 weeks, 3 times or more per week, lasting 90 minutes or more per session. Large, high-quality RCTs are required to further confirm these findings.
Effects of Visualization Format and Time of Day on Immediate Recall of Tactical Behaviors
Ghazi Rekik, Yosra Belkhir, Ghada Jouira, Mohamed Jarraya, Cheng-Deng Kuo, and Yung-Sheng Chen
This study examined the effect of time of day on immediate recall of motor skills (i.e., tactical behaviors in basketball) from different external visualizations. First-year students from a public university in sports science (novice practitioners, 18.96 ± 0.57 years) were quasi-randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: video modeling by experts, a sequential-with-tracing presentation of pictures, or a sequential-without-tracing presentation of pictures. Morning and late afternoon sessions were conducted involving study phases and immediate-recall tests (i.e., comprehension and game performance tests). Oral temperature and mood states were also measured at both times of day. The results revealed that participants exhibited better recall performances in the morning, irrespective of the visualization format used. At both time of day, tactical behaviors were better recalled from video modeling rather than the two sequential presentations of pictures. In addition, providing the learner with a permanent visual trace of the previous states improves the immediate recall of tactical skills from a sequential presentation of pictures, at both time of day. Furthermore, morning sessions resulted in lower oral temperature, lower negative mood, and higher positive mood, compared with afternoon sessions. Implications for using external visualizations aimed at the acquisition of motor skills, particularly tactical behaviors, are discussed.
The Energetic Saver Profile From Sit-to-Stand Does Not Persist During Very Low-Intensity Physical Activity in Healthy Men and Women
Laurie Isacco, Terry Guirado, Carole Brun, Bruno Pereira, Halim Moore, David Thivel, Martine Duclos, and Lore Metz
Background: It is essential to better characterize the energetic profile of individuals during very low-intensity physical activity. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the saver profile from sit-to-stand persists during light physical activity and characterize patterns in substrate utilization from sit-to-stand and during very low-intensity physical activity in healthy men and women. Methods: Sixty-two healthy adults (38 women) performed an experimental sequence that corresponded to 15-minute sitting (SIT1), followed by 15-minute standing (STAND), 15-minute sitting again (SIT2), and finally 15 minutes of light cycling. Continuous indirect calorimetry was allowed to calculate energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient through the entire sequence. Savers and nonsavers (<5% and ≥ 5% increase in EE from sitting to standing, respectively) were determined. Results: There was an interaction effect in EE between savers and nonsavers through the whole sequence (P = .008). Only nonsavers (71%) exhibited a significant increase in EE from SIT1 to STAND (P < .001). Nonsavers and savers significantly increased EE during 15 minutes of light cycling relative to sitting or standing (P < .001), without any difference between groups. The percentage of change in respiratory quotient from SIT1 to STAND was significantly different between the 2 groups, with increased values in savers and decreased values in nonsavers (P = .03). Significantly lower values in respiratory quotient and EE were found during 15 minutes of light cycling in women compared with men (P < .001). Conclusions: It is essential to determine individuals’ energetic phenotype to determine those who may benefit more from strategies such as standing or light physical activity. The sexual dimorphism in terms of substrate use during such exercise should be considered.