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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare estimated levels of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) of preschool-aged children (3–5 years old) based on different published accelerometer cut-points used in this age group. Four electronic databases were searched to identify studies estimating levels of PA or ST (ST, light PA [LPA], and moderate to vigorous PA [MVPA]) using multiple accelerometer cut-points, in a sample of preschool-aged children. Data were extracted and risk of bias assessed for all included studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled effects for unique combinations of accelerometer cut-points for each outcome. Twenty-four studies, reporting on 18 unique samples, were included. Results demonstrated substantial variability in estimates of PA and ST across different cut-points, with significant differences in estimates of the behaviors between most cut-points. Few cut-points showed similarity; Evenson and Pate were some of the most similar for the assessment of PA and ST of young children. However, when calculating the differences in ST, LPA, and MVPA between the cut-points, the Evenson cut-point estimates approximately 60 min more LPA per day and the Pate 148CPM cut-points estimates 23 and 37 min more ST and MVPA each day, respectively. Given that these were the most similar estimates, this highlights the magnitude of differences between the accelerometer cut-points when estimating preschool-aged children’s movement behavior. This review provides an illustration on the limitations of accelerometer cut-points used to determine PA and ST of preschool-aged children; in that they often produce substantially different estimates. This review provides a compelling rationale as to why further research moving toward alternative data processing methodologies is required, including to identify an optimal approach to estimating movement behavior outcomes in young children that considers congruence with past and future research.

Background: In 2011, physical inactivity was described as the Cinderella risk factor for noncommunicable diseases. This metaphor was used to highlight the disjunct between the advancing evidence on physical inactivity as a risk factor for ill health, its high prevalence, and the paucity of global policy response or priority afforded to physical activity. This paper describes the strategic actions of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH) to raise the profile of physical activity as a global public health priority. Methods: From 2008, ISPAH coordinated a long-term advocacy strategy to advance the status of physical activity and promote its presence as a priority within global health policy. The society employed an advocacy mix that reflected contemporary advocacy theory and models. Results: Through 6 advocacy deliverables, aligned to the global calendar of United Nations and World Health Organization policy developments, ISPAH seized the opportunity to advance physical activity policy and strategies to inform global noncommunicable disease action planning and align with the Sustainable Development Goals. ISPAH’s successful execution of global advocacy for physical activity highlights the importance of leadership, clear objectives, progressive action, timeliness, partnerships, and persistence. Conclusion: As a result of strategic global advocacy since 2008, the field in 2024 is better positioned in relation to global professional mobilization, policy, and technical support for physical activity. However, despite impressive progress across more than 12 years, and the innovation of the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity, the work of global advocacy for physical activity is far from complete.

Background: This study aimed to explore the associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time with renal function indices in adolescents with kidney disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 719 adolescents (median age 15 y, 40.6% female) with kidney disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. The exposures were MVPA time and sedentary time. Renal metabolic parameters included serum uric acid (SUA), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the albumin creatinine ratio. Weighted multivariate regression analysis was used to estimate associations between exposures and outcomes. Results: After stratifying MVPA time, the regression effect values β (95% CI) for MVPA on SUA (Q2: −0.22 [−0.41 to −0.03]; Q3: −0.32 [−0.53 to −0.11]) and creatinine (Q2: −0.08 [−0.15 to −0.01]; Q3: −0.04 [−0.11 to 0.03]) gradually decreased with increasing MVPA time. In males (−0.76 [−1.19 to −0.32]), MVPA time was significantly associated with lower SUA levels compared with females (−0.14 [−0.38 to 0.10]). Notably, female adolescents who had an MVPA time exceeding 420 minutes exhibited lower albumin creatinine ratio (−75.37 [−146.63 to −4.11]). In addition, both recreational MVPA time (−0.26 [−0.45 to −0.06]) and sedentary time (−3.15 [−5.83 to −0.46]) were negatively associated with eGFR. Conclusions: Our study found an association between MVPA and lower levels of SUA in male adolescents with kidney disease and albuminuria in female adolescents with kidney disease. In addition, MVPA was also negatively associated with creatinine and eGFR, whereas sedentary time was only associated with eGFR. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Background: Although the physical activities have demonstrated efficacy in improving physical self-perception, the findings of available studies in college students were conflicting. This review aimed to examine the effects of physical activity interventions on physical self-perception in college students. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, WanFang, and Chinese Technical Periodicals were searched from inception to April 2024. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or non-RCTs (non-RCTs) that examined the effects of physical activity interventions on college students’ physical self-perception. Random-effects models were used in meta-analyses to synthesize effect sizes. Results: Forty studies (17 RCTs and 23 non-RCTs) with 4955 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, physical activity interventions had small to moderate significant effect on physical self-worth (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.44, P < .00001), perceived sports competence (SMD = 0.60, P < .00001), perceived physical condition (SMD = 0.45, P < .00001), perceived physical strength (SMD = 0.53, P < .00001), and perceived body attractiveness (SMD = 0.54, P < .00001). Significant differences were observed in study design (P = .031–.039), intervention type (P = .003–.031), and intervention duration (P = .002–.036) for some aspects of physical self-perception, such as perceived physical strength and perceived body attractiveness. Conclusions: Physical activity interventions have beneficial effects on physical self-perception in college students, especially those conducted for 12 weeks, 3 times or more per week, lasting 90 minutes or more per session. Large, high-quality RCTs are required to further confirm these findings.

Background: Given the emergence of climate change and health risks, this review examined potential relationships between varying indicators of climate change, movement behaviors (ie, physical activity [PA], sedentary behavior, and sleep), and health. Methods: Seven databases were searched in March 2020, April 2023, and April 2024. To be included, studies must have examined indicators of climate change and at least one of the movement behaviors as either an exposure or a third variable (ie, mediator/moderator), and a measure of health as outcome. Evidence was summarized by the role (mediator/moderator) that either climate change or movement behavior(s) has with health measures. Relationships and directionality of each association, as well as the strength and certainty of evidence were synthesized. Results: A total of 79 studies were eligible, representing 6,671,791 participants and 3137 counties from 25 countries (40% low- and middle-income countries). Of 98 observations from 17 studies that examined PA as a mediator, 34.7% indicated that PA mediated the relationship between climate change and health measure such that indicators of adverse climate change were associated with lower PA, and worse health outcome. Of 274 observations made from 46 studies, 28% showed that PA favorably modified the negative association between climate change and health outcome. Evidence was largely lacking and inconclusive for sedentary behavior and sleep, as well as climate change indicators as an intermediatory variable. Conclusions: PA may mitigate the adverse impact of climate change on health. Further evidence is needed to integrate PA into climate change mitigation, adaptation, and resilience strategies.

Background: Adults with physical or intellectual disability are less active than those without disability. Objective: To review literature regarding sport participation in adults with physical or intellectual disability. Specifically, to examine characteristics of available studies including participants, interventions, outcomes, and impact. Methods: A scoping review was completed. Searches of 6 databases and a trial registry plus citation tracking were undertaken. Two independent reviewers screened items for eligibility and extracted data about the studies, participants, interventions, and outcomes. A single reviewer extracted data to quantify impacts of sport participation, classified as favorable, insignificant, or unfavorable. Results: 164 studies involving 11,642 participants were included. Most studies (128/164) used a cross-sectional design. Most participants were men (81%) with physical disability (135/164), and spinal cord injury was the most prevalent underlying health condition (54%). Most studies evaluated a mix of sports (83/164) in a disability-specific context (159/164), with basketball or wheelchair basketball being the most common individual sport (28/164). Physical impairment was the most frequently reported outcome domain (85/334 results). Sports participation impact was classified as 55% favorable, 42% insignificant, and 3% unfavorable. Conclusions: There were many favorable and few unfavorable outcomes for participation in sport for adults with physical or intellectual disability. More research is needed to address the evidence gaps of gender, health condition, and type of sport, and to use more rigorous research designs to evaluate the effects of sport participation. While new evidence is generated, we suggest adults with physical or intellectual disability be encouraged to engage in sport. Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018104379.

Background: Recent statistics highlight cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as a major global cause of death. This review examines the methodological approaches and the main results of independent, stratified, and joint association of sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) on CVD outcomes. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for prospective cohorts that examined the independent, stratified, or joint associations of ST and PA with CVD outcomes. Independent associations were defined as analyses mutually adjusted for PA and ST. Stratified associations were considered when there was a reference group in each stratum of PA or ST, and joint associations were defined by a single reference group for all other combined categories of ST and PA levels. Results: Of 45 articles, 69% explored independent association of ST or PA on CVD outcomes, while 31% using a stratified/joint approach. Most studies used self-reports for ST and PA and focused on CVD mortality. Mutually adjusted analyses identified ST positively and PA inversely associated to CVD outcomes. Stratified studies showed higher ST’s pronounced impact on CVD for lower PA levels. High PA mitigated but did not eliminate ST’s negative impact. Joint analyses revealed highest CVD risk in those with both high ST and low PA, and elevated risk in various intermediate combinations. Conclusions: Employing independent, stratified, and joint association approaches can yield distinct and complementary public health messages aimed at promoting cardiovascular health. Recommendations should aim to not only to encourage boosting PA levels, but also, concurrently decrease ST.