This systematic review synthesizes quantitative evidence on school factors associated with physical activity (PA) participation in children and adolescents with disabilities (CAD). A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases, and studies were included if they quantitatively measured PA levels and examined school factors associated with PA participation among CAD. Methodological quality was assessed, and a semiquantitative synthesis was performed. Twenty-four studies with good to excellent methodological quality were included. Five primary and 21 secondary school factors linked to PA engagement in CAD were identified: school time structure, school PA characteristics, school physical environment, school social environment, and school organizational factors. Among these, four factors of the school time structure (i.e., physical education time, recess time, lunch time, and before- and/or after-school time) showed the most consistent positive associations with PA. This review highlights the critical role of structured school time for school-based PA promotion in CAD.
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School Factors Associated With Physical Activity Participation in Children and Adolescents With Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Yuyang Deng, Xuecheng Li, Jiafu Huang, Xiao Liang, Cindy H.P. Sit, and Chunxiao Li
Student-Athletes’ Mental Health in the European Sport School Context: A Scoping Review
Milla Saarinen, Michael McDougall, Siv Gjesdal, and Christian Thue Bjørndal
The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of literature exploring adolescent student-athlete mental health in the European sport school context, with particular emphasis on gender. Five databases were searched for relevant literature: PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. In total, 26 peer-reviewed published articles met the inclusion criteria. The review indicated that literature on adolescent student-athlete mental health in Europe is dominated by a preoccupation with mental illness rather than mental health and the use of quantitative and cross-sectional research designs. Many studies reported that student-athletes demonstrated lower prevalence and incidence rates of mental illness symptoms compared to the general youth population. Female student-athletes consistently demonstrated higher prevalence of mental illness symptoms compared to males. Practitioners working with adolescent student-athletes can improve their mental health literacy to understand mental health beyond the confines of mental illness and target key areas of burnout and the female experience of mental health.
Coaches’ Observations of Eating Disorder Symptoms Among Athletes: Initial Validation of the Norwegian Translated Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire
Irina Diaz de Leon and Sebastian S. Sandgren
Eating disorders (EDs) pose serious health and performance risks and are especially prevalent among athletes. Coaches, who are crucial in supporting athletes’ well-being, often lack knowledge and awareness of ED symptoms. We aimed to translate the Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire to Norwegian to explore which symptoms of eating psychopathology coaches in Norway observe among their athletes and how the observation of these symptoms might differ. A forward–backward translation was conducted, and a total of 311 coaches (52% male) were included. Factor Analysis revealed a 16-item, four-factor solution (Negative Affect, Dieting Practices, Fear of Eating, Compulsive Exercise). Participants most frequently reported observing symptoms related to Negative Affect and coaches with more coaching experience were more likely to observe symptoms of eating psychopathology. On average (Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire global score), more coaches reported not observing symptoms (76%) compared with those who were sure they had observed symptoms among their athletes (24%). We encourage future researchers to use and evaluate the Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire further. It is important for coaching programs and coaches’ professional development to prioritize education on EDs and disordered eating. Consequently, coaches may improve their knowledge, awareness, and ability to detect symptoms of EDs in athletes.
A Randomized Crossover Trial on the Effects of Cadence on Calf Raise Test Outcomes: Cadence Does Matter
Kim Hébert-Losier, Ma. Roxanne Fernandez, Josie Athens, Masayoshi Kubo, and Seth O’Neill
The calf raise test (CRT) is commonly used to assess triceps surae muscle-tendon unit function. Often, a metronome set to 60 beats/min (30 repetitions/min) is used to set the cadence of calf raise repetitions, but studies report using cadences ranging from 30 to 120 beats/min. We investigated the effect of cadence on CRT outcomes, accounting for the potential confounders of sex, age, body mass index, and physical activity. Thirty-six healthy individuals (50% female) performed single-leg calf raise repetitions to volitional exhaustion in 3 randomized cadence conditions, 7 days apart: 30, 60, and 120 beats/min. Repetitions, total vertical displacement, total work, peak height, and peak power were recorded using the validated Calf Raise application. Cadence significantly affected all CRT outcomes (P ≤ .008), except repetitions (P = .200). Post hoc analysis revealed 60 beats/min resulted in significantly greater total vertical displacement and work than 30 and 120 beats/min. Peak height was greater at 60 and 120 than 30 beats/min, and peak power was greater at 120 beats/min. Males generated greater work and peak power (P ≤ .001), whereas individuals with greater body mass index completed less repetitions (P = .008), achieved lower total vertical displacements (P = .003), and generated greater peak power (P = .005). CRT cadence is important to consider when interpreting CRT outcomes and comparing data between studies.
Cartilage Deformation, Outcomes, and Running Force Comparisons in Females With and Without Knee Injuries
Nicole M. Cattano, Danielle Magee, Kenneth P. Clark, and John Smith
Context: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a known risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Since no disease-modifying treatments for OA exist, it is critical to understand joint responses to physical activity following an ACLR. Understanding knee cartilage deformation through ultrasound may provide a better understanding of how knee cartilage responds to running, and how this may contribute to OA pathophysiology and risk. Objective: To compare medial femoral cartilage deformation, outcomes, and forces during running in females with and without a unilateral ACLR knee. Design: Cross-sectional laboratory study. Methods: Sixteen females (8 ACLR history, 8 controls) participated. ACLR participants had an average age of 20.75 (1.83) years, height of 165.07 (7.43) cm, mass of 65.97 (8.55) kg, and were 36.13 (18.74) months postsurgery; controls had an average age of 20.62 (1.84) years, height of 166.00 (5.76) cm, and mass of 63.18 (4.94) kg. Independent variables were group and limb, with dependent variables including patient reported outcomes Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), medial femoral cartilage thickness changes, and indirect measures of stance-averaged vertical ground reaction forces and vertical rate of loading normalized to body weight during treadmill running. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics with significance defined as P ≤ .05. Results: All participants exhibited cartilage thickness reduction after 30 minutes of running (P < .001), with no significant group or limb differences in cartilage deformation, vertical ground reaction forces, or vertical rate of loading. ACLR participants reported significantly poorer patient reported outcome scores across all KOOS subscales. Moderate negative correlations were found between involved cartilage percent change and KOOS Symptoms (P = .025) and Sport/Rec (P = .043). Conclusions: Cartilage thickness significantly decreased in all participants after running, with no group or limb differences observed despite lower patient-reported outcomes in the ACLR group. Exploring the relationship between KOOS scores and cartilage response to activity may inform future research and strategies to mitigate OA risk.
How Does Push-Off Distance Influence Force–Velocity Profile and Performance During Vertical Jumping?
Félicie Pommerell, Sébastien Boyas, Pierre Samozino, Baptiste Morel, Jérémie Begue, Abderrahmane Rahmani, and Nicolas Peyrot
In many sports, practitioners must reach their maximal jump height (h
max) under time constraints. This requires a reduction of the countermovement depth and so of the push-off distance (h
PO). The purpose of this study was to investigate how h
PO influences force–velocity (F–v) profiles (
Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Neck Retraction Strength Using a Strain Gauge Device
Josh Burkitt, Chloe Ryan, Dana Ye-Lee, and John Cronin
Neck pain ranks among the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions and is commonly accompanied by altered physical function. With 10.8% of sports-related injuries affecting the head and neck, evaluating neck strength is vital for detecting muscle weakness and monitoring rehabilitation progress. The purpose of this study was to determine the intrasession and intersession reliability of a strain gauge for measuring neck retraction strength in healthy adult men. Ten male participants (age, 22.7 [2.6] y; body mass, 90.8 [13.3] kg; height, 184.2 [7.1] cm) completed a neck retraction isometric test across 3 testing occasions separated by 7 days. Contraction duration, peak and mean force, impulse, and peak rate of force development were quantified within and between sessions. Contraction duration, peak force, and impulse demonstrated moderate to excellent intra- (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] [3,1] = .72–.98, coefficient of variation [CV] = 2.7%–2.1%) and intersession reliability (ICC [3,k] = .66–.89, CV = 4.8%–7.1%); however, only acceptable intrasession reliability was found for peak rate of force development and mean force (ICC = .71–.99, CV = 3.4%–22.7%). It appears that a portable fixed strain gauge can be used to reliably measure neck retraction strength in a healthy male population.
Rehabilitation and Implementation of a Continuum for Return to Sport in an Amateur Basketball Player With Subtalar Dislocation: A Case Report
Santiago Soliño, Franco Fabani, Tomás Bossio, Joaquín López, and Juan Cruz Porollan
Context: Subtalar dislocation is a rare but severe condition that usually requires emergency attention and could be associated with secondary injuries. Most of the research about this injury is case reports focused on the medical management, so there are no guidelines for rehabilitation and return to sport (RTS). This case report describes the rehabilitation and RTS in an amateur basketball player with an isolated medial subtalar dislocation on his right foot. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old amateur basketball player suffered a forced foot inversion after landing on an opponent’s foot. The patient was taken to the emergency department for a closed reduction under anesthesia, followed by 2 weeks in a cast and 3 weeks in a walker boot. Management and Outcomes: Rehabilitation started after the immobilization period with the main objective of returning to the same level of competition. It was organized through a 4 phase continuum with a stepwise approach. After 16 weeks since injury, the patient returned to team training. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report to inform on rehabilitation and RTS of medial subtalar dislocation. The 4 phases continuum model could be useful for clinicians for safe progression in this rare condition.
Convergent Validity and Test–Retest Reliability of Daily Athlete Health Surveys in Collegiate Athletes
Brett S. Pexa, Nikki E. Barczak-Scarboro, Malia N.M. Blue, Christopher J. Johnston, and Kevin R. Ford
Context: Short daily surveys are common in elite sports to capture psychological outcomes, but there is no information on the surveys convergent validity and test–retest reliability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the validity and test–retest reliability of daily athlete health surveys in collegiate athletes. Design: Descriptive study. Methods: Participants (n = 193, 74 males and 119 females; age = 20.3 [1.4] y) responded daily to sliding scale questions regarding readiness (scored from 0 to 100), fatigue, stress, and sleep quality (−5 [indicating low or poor scores] to +5 [indicating high or “good” scores]). At pre- and midseason times, participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire, Overuse Injury Scale, and the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale. To assess validity, Spearman rho (ρ) correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between each athlete health variable and the corresponding validated survey. Reliability and precision were assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard error of measurement, respectively. Results: Daily stress was correlated with the Perceived Stress Scale (ρ = −.40, P < .001); daily sleep quality was associated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (ρ = −.44, P < .001) and the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ρ = −0.46, P < .001), and daily readiness was associated with the Overuse Injury Scale (ρ = −.21, P = .003). Daily fatigue was associated with the recovery (ρ = .37, P < .001) and stress dimensions (ρ = −.36, P < .001) of the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale. All daily athlete health variables demonstrated either good or excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .85–.94; standard error of measurement = 0.87–4.94). Conclusions: All daily health variables demonstrated acceptable reliability and precision. Sleep quality and stress were most strongly correlated with the outcome scores of their validated surveys. Fatigue was related to the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale, and readiness demonstrated a weak correlation to the Overuse Injury Scale. Clinicians should feel comfortable using these single-question daily health surveys in clinical care but exert caution when using readiness, and fatigue.
Effect of Multicomponent Dual-Task Training on Gait in People With Intellectual Disability
Carmen Gutiérrez Cruz, Francisco Javier Ruiz Peralvarez, Pedro Ángel Latorre Román, Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla, Karina E. Andrade-Lara, and José Carlos Cabrera Linares
Purpose: Gait is a complex task that requires the interaction between motor and cognitive demand, being usually assessed using the dual-task (DT) paradigm. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of 21 weeks of application of multicomponent DT training on the spatiotemporal gait parameters, coefficients of variation, and DT cost in people with intellectual disability. Methods: A controlled longitudinal pre–post design with random assignment to two groups (experimental and control) was used. Fifty-seven participants with intellectual disability joined in this study (age: 39 ± 9 years). The OptoGait system was used to register spatiotemporal gait parameters in two different conditions: single task and DT. Results: The main findings revealed that in both conditions, the multicomponent DT training significantly reduced the coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters (p < .001), whereas there was no effect on DT cost. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the multicomponent DT training elicited a more stable and confident gait pattern.