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Development of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ)

Harold A. Riemer and Packianathan Chelladurai

The development of the l5-dimension, 56-item Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) was based on Chelladurai and Riemer’s (1997) classification of facets of athlete satisfaction. Qualitative procedures included item generation, expert judgment, and independent placement of items in relevant facets. Quantitative procedures, item-to-total correlations, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, involving 172 undergraduate students and 614 Canadian university athletes, confirmed the construct validity of the scale. Correlations between the ASQ’s subscales and scales of commitment and negative affectivity provided evidence of criterion-related validity. Reliability estimates (Cronbach’s alpha) ranged from .78 to .95. The 15 facets of ASQ encompassed salient aspects of athletic participation, performance (both individual and team), leadership, the team, the organization, and the athlete.

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Leadership and Satisfaction in Athletics

Harold A. Riemer and Packianathan Chelladurai

This study investigated (a) the differences between the offensive and defensive personnel of football teams in preferred leadership, perceived leadership, and satisfaction with leadership, and (b) the relationships among preferred and perceived leadership, their congruence, and satisfaction with leadership. The study employed hierarchical regression procedures to test the congruence hypothesis derived from the multidimensional model of leadership. The results showed that defensive players preferred and perceived greater amounts of democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, and social support than did offensive players. Also, the congruence of preferred and perceived leadership in the dimension of social support was critical to enhancing member satisfaction. On the other hand, perceived leadership (i.e., the actual behaviors) in training and instruction as well as positive feedback were stronger determinants of satisfaction with leadership than either the preferred leadership or the congruence of preferred and perceived leadership in these dimensions.

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Sport Leadership in a Cross-National Setting: The Case of Japanese and Canadian University Athletes

Packianathan Chelladurai, Hiroaki Imamura, Yasuo Yamaguchi, Yoshihiro Oinuma, and Takatomo Miyauchi

The study explored the differences between Japanese (n = 115) and Canadian (n=100) university level male athletes in their leader behavior preferences, their perceptions of leader behaviors, their satisfactions with leadership and personal outcome, and the relationships between leader behaviors and satisfactions. The results of MANOVA showed that (a) the Japanese athletes preferred more autocratic behavior and social support while the Canadian athletes preferred significantly more training and instruction; (b) the Japanese athletes perceived higher levels of autocratic behavior while the Canadian athletes perceived higher levels of training and instruction, democratic behavior, and positive feedback; and (c) the Canadian athletes expressed significantly more satisfaction with both leadership and personal outcome than the Japanese athletes. The results of the correlational and multiple regression analyses showed similarities as well as dissimilarities in the manner in which perceived leader behaviors were associated with the satisfaction measures in the two groups. Overall, the results of the study were more supportive of the cultural-influence hypothesis than of the athletic-imperatives hypothesis. Author affiliations: P. Chelladurai is with The University of Western Ontario; H. Imamura is with Chiba University, Japan; Y. Yamaguchi is with the National Institute of Sports and Fitness, Japan; Y. Oinuma is with Tokai University, Japan; and T. Miyauchi is with Waseda University, Japan.