Surfers are a heterogeneous population with a common interest in riding waves. Surfers qualitatively describe the surfing sensation as a hybrid of meditative and athletic experience. Numerous empirical studies link both meditative experience and exercise with reduced incidence of depression and anxiety; this potentially suggests that surfers may endorse fewer symptoms of either disorder. One hundred surfers (N = 100) were administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and a demographics questionnaire. Results indicate that surfers reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety, and employed emotion-based coping responses to stressful situations significantly less than the general populace. Surfers also employed avoidance-based coping strategies more frequently than the general populace. Future study should evaluate causal relationships between surfing and incidence of depression and anxiety.
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Depression, Anxiety, and Coping in Surfers
Benjamin J. Levin and Jim Taylor
A Brief Educational Intervention Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Four Injured Athletes’ Experiences
John Mahoney and Stephanie J. Hanrahan
The purpose of this study was to research the experiences of four injured athletes during their rehabilitation from ACL injuries and to examine the potential usefulness of an adapted ACT intervention in addressing individuals’ adherence to rehabilitation protocols and their general psychological well-being. We investigated the usefulness of a brief, 4-session ACT program adapted for educational purposes and presented data as case studies. The case studies suggested that (a) the injured athletes experienced a multitude of private events immediately following injury, throughout their recovery, and when approaching a full return to sport; (b) the injured athletes typically avoided these private events and engaged in emotion-driven behaviors; (c) an adapted ACT approach for educational purposes could be useful on at least a basic level to help injured athletes accept private events, commit to rehabilitation behaviors, and have some certainty about returning to sport; and (d) more could be done to address the needs of injured athletes beyond the structure of our 4-session educational intervention. We concluded that the ACT-based intervention, to a certain extent, educated injured athletes about how to meet the challenges of their recoveries and how to commit to their rehabilitations, as well as to exhibit behaviors that would potentially permit their successful reentries to sport.
Applying Self-Compassion in Sport: An Intervention With Women Athletes
Amber D. Mosewich, Peter R.E. Crocker, Kent C. Kowalski, and Anita DeLongis
This study investigated the effects of a self-compassion intervention on negative cognitive states and selfcompassion in varsity women athletes. Athletes who self-identified as being self-critical were randomly assigned to a self-compassion intervention (n = 29) or attention control group (n = 22). The self-compassion intervention consisted of a psychoeducation session and writing components completed over a 7-day period. Measures of self-compassion, state self-criticism, state rumination, and concern over mistakes were collected pretreatment, at 1 week posttreatment, and at a 4-week follow-up. A mixed factorial MANOVA with follow-up post hoc tests demonstrated moderate-to-strong effects for the intervention at posttest and follow-up (Wilks’s Λ = .566, F (8, 42) = 4.03, p < .01, η2 = .43). The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the self-compassion intervention in managing self-criticism, rumination, and concern over mistakes. Fostering a self-compassionate frame of mind is a potential coping resource for women athletes dealing with negative events in sport.
The Development of Self-Compassion Among Women Varsity Athletes
Meghan S. Ingstrup, Amber D. Mosewich, and Nicholas L. Holt
The purpose of this study was to explore factors that contributed to the development of self-compassion among highly self-compassionate women varsity athletes. More specifically, the research question was: how did women varsity athletes with high self-compassion perceive they became self-compassionate? To purposefully sample participants, 114 women varsity athletes completed the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003b). Ten athletes with high self-compassion scores then participated in individual interviews and a follow-up second interview. Data were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (Smith & Osborn, 2003). Analysis produced three main themes that contributed to the development of self-compassion: (a) role of parents (seeking and receiving help from parents, parents teaching self-kindness, parents putting experiences in perspective); (b) gaining self-awareness; and (c) learning from others (peers, siblings, coaches, sport psychologists). These findings provide insights into the ways in which self-compassion can be learned and taught, and have implications for practitioners who work with women athletes.
Feasibility and Preliminary Effectiveness of an Online Meditation Intervention in Young Adults With Concussion History
Christine E. Callahan, Kyla Z. Donnelly, Susan A. Gaylord, Keturah R. Faurot, J.D. DeFreese, Adam W. Kiefer, and Johna K. Register-Mihalik
symptoms beyond typical recovery, 3 , 4 resulting in continued burden. 5 , 6 Further research has identified that perceived stress may be heightened in those with a concussion history, 7 potentially predicting long-term postconcussion impairments. 8 Greater mindfulness (ie, awareness of one’s internal
The Value of Mind–Body Connection in Physical Activity for Older People
Heidi Gilchrist, Abby Haynes, Juliana S. Oliveira, Anne Grunseit, Catherine Sherrington, Adrian Bauman, Roberta Shepherd, and Anne Tiedemann
properties,” was identified inductively from interview data and the literature, and comprised two potential mechanisms: mindfulness ( Cox et al., 2016 ; Gaiswinkler & Unterrainer, 2016 ; Khanna & Greeson, 2013 ; Parra et al., 2019 ; Tang et al., 2015 ; Wheeler et al., 2017 ) and embodiment ( Cox & Tylka
Avulsion Fracture of the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and the Iliac Crest: A Mindfulness Approach to Rehabilitation
Patti Syvertson, Russell Baker, and Alan Nasypany
The Effectiveness of a Sleep Optimization Program on Insomnia, Anxiety, Perceived Stress, and Emotion Dysregulation Among Football Players With Sleep Complaints
Kazem Emami, Shahram Nazari, Amy M. Bender, Rasool Norouzi Seyed Hossini, and Ebrahim Norouzi
reduction interventions such as mindfulness seems necessary ( Ballot et al., 2021 ; Gardner & Moore, 2006 ; Lever et al., 2020 ) and has attracted a lot of attention among athletes ( De Petrillo et al., 2009 ; Norouzi et al., 2020 ). Mindfulness-based therapy is one of the treatments proposed to improve
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Injured Athletes: Development and Preliminary Feasibility of the Return to ACTion Protocol
Kendahl M. Shortway, Andrew Wolanin, Jennifer Block-Lerner, and Donald Marks
barriers for student-athlete utilization of psychological services such as schedule demands and social stigma ( Kissinger & Watson, 2009 ; Lopez & Levy, 2013 ; Martin, 2005 ; Watson, 2006 ). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Mindfulness- and acceptance-based behavioral interventions have become more
Sport Psychology Consultants’ Views on Working With Perfectionistic Elite Athletes
Ellinor Klockare, Luke F. Olsson, Henrik Gustafsson, Carolina Lundqvist, and Andrew P. Hill
techniques are used for cognitive restructuring, such as cognitive reappraisal, attention deployment, situation modification, and mindfulness ( Hofmann et al., 2013 ). Recently, a strand of CBT termed acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 1996 ), which focuses on acceptance of emotions and
