the bottom of the pool. 2 , 3 There are 2 styles of DWR, termed the high-knee style (HK-DWR) and the cross-country style (CC-DWR). 3 – 5 HK-DWR resembles marching in place, stair stepping, or cycling, with great hip and knee movement (Figure 1 ). 5 In terms of kinematics, it is significantly
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A Study on Trunk Muscle Activation of 2 Deep Water Running Styles (High-Knee and Cross-Country Style) and Land Walking
Billy Chun-Lung So, Calvin Hong-Nin Yuen, Ken Long-Hin Tung, Sheena Lam, Sammy Lan Cheng, Zina Wing-Lam Hung, Rainy Wai-Kwan Leung, and Grace Pui-Yuk Szeto
Development of a “Cooling” Menthol Energy Gel for Endurance Athletes: Effect of Menthol Concentration on Acceptability and Preferences
Christopher J. Stevens, Megan L.R. Ross, and Roxanne M. Vogel
experiencing the altered thermal sensation and its effects on pacing through self-regulation of effort; (c) the development of products from food-grade sources rather than chemical companies, which are supplied with hazard statements, and to prevent cross-contamination with other harmful chemicals ( Barwood et
Poststretch Isometric Contractions of the Hamstrings: Just a Brief Stretch to Achieve Supramaximal Isometric Force
Neil Chapman, John William Whitting, Suzanne Broadbent, Zachary Crowley-McHattan, and Rudi Meir
from diagnosed lower limb musculoskeletal injury and neurologic conditions in the preceding 12 weeks. The study and its associated methodology was approved by the Southern Cross University Human Research Ethics Committee (ECN: 2019/090). Experimental Setup Participants were seated on a Biodex System 3
Development and Reliability of an Athlete Introductory Movement Screen for Use in Emerging Junior Athletes
Simon A. Rogers, Peter Hassmén, Alexandra H. Roberts, Alison Alcock, Wendy L. Gilleard, and John S. Warmenhoven
participants had taken part in 2 or more sports in the preceding 12-month period (number of sports = 2.8 [1.7]) and took part in 12.4 [6.4] hours of training and competition in organized sports per week. Before testing, ethical approval was granted by the Southern Cross University human ethics committee (ECN
The Contribution From Cross-Country Skiing and Shooting Variables on Performance-Level and Sex Differences in Biathlon World Cup Individual Races
Harri Luchsinger, Jan Kocbach, Gertjan Ettema, and Øyvind Sandbakk
Biathlon is an Olympic winter sport, where 3 or 5 (0.8–4 km) laps of cross-country skiing using the skating technique is interspersed with 5-shot series of rifle shooting, alternating between the prone or standing position. One of the traditional racing formats is the individual distance
Exercising Alone or Exercising With Others and Mental Health Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Longitudinal Analysis of Cross-Lagged and Simultaneous Effects
Kazuhiro Harada, Kouhei Masumoto, and Narihiko Kondo
associated with them. However, one of these studies was cross-sectional 16 and neither 16 , 17 considered bidirectional associations of exercise and mental health, something that previous studies 18 , 19 suggest may exist. To establish additional effects of exercise with others, further longitudinal
A Conceptual Model of the Corporate Decision-Making Process of Sport Sponsorship Acquisition
David Arthur, Don Scott, and Terry Woods
The general acceptance of sport sponsorship by corporate and sporting worlds alike has led to a situation whereby corporations receive from hundreds to thousands of unsolicited proposals annually. Despite this, there is a general lack of systematic research into sport sponsorship with little information in existence as to how corporations decide between alternative properties. In an attempt to address this situation, this paper develops a conceptual model of the sport sponsorship acquisition process based on the basic tenets of organizational purchasing behavior, contemporary literature on sport sponsorship, and the results of a qualitative study. It is anticipated that the Sport Sponsorship Acquisition Model will form the basis for further scholarly research to ascertain the precise nature of the acquisition process.
Translating Questionnaires and Inventories Using a Cross-Cultural Translation Technique
Dominique Banville, Pauline Desrosiers, and Yvette Genet-Volet
With the rise of cultural diversity in populations, researchers are faced with new issues, such as working with participants from other cultures that speak different languages. This research note presents a methodology developed by Vallerand (1989) in the psychological field that translates and validates questionnaires and inventories developed for a specific culture. This cross-cultural technique has seven steps and insures that the instrument will provide data that are valid and reliable in the targeted population. The seven steps are defined, and examples of results from a study using this methodology are provided.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors Physical Activity Questionnaire in Chinese Older Adults
Xiaoyang Shi, Yan Wang, Xiuxiu Huang, Shangshang Gao, Qiaoqin Wan, and Shaomei Shang
properties. Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation Permission was obtained from the original questionnaire developer by e-mail to use the original CHAMPS questionnaire for translation into the Chinese language. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the CHAMPS were conducted in five steps
Collegiate Cross Country Coaches’ Knowledge of Eating Disorders
Cheryl Govero and Barbara A. Bushman
Athletes are at a high risk for eating disorders due to the pressures placed on them by themselves as well as coaches. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the knowledge level of eating disorders among cross country coaches, (2) to determine their level of confidence in this knowledge, and (3) to determine reported sources of educational resources. Four schools were randomly selected from each NCAA Division I conference (return rate: 48%). A two-part questionnaire assessed sources of information and knowledge of eating disorders. Literature and sponsored programs were the two most common sources of information. For the 30 knowledge questions, coaches indicated their confidence level on a 4-item Likert-type scale. The knowledge of the majority of coaches was relatively high, and those with higher accuracy also had higher confidence. The confidence level and the percent of coaches answering each question correctly were significantly correlated, r=0.56 (p<0.01) but the confidence level and the percent answering incorrectly were not significantly correlated, r=0.24 (p=0.24). There were no significant differences in knowledge scores considering years of coaching (p=0.67) nor were there any significant differences in the scores between males and females (p=0.17). Although the cross country coaches were quite knowledgeable, additional ways to increase knowledge of eating disorders are needed.