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The Role of Gender in Leadership Positions in Female Sport Programs in Texas Colleges

Dorothy J. Lovett and Carla Lowry

This study compared the number of sports offered to males and females in Texas colleges (N~ 113) to determine if a gender difference existed among leaders, coaches, and athletic directors of the female sport programs. In addition, predictions of gender for leaders were made based on the 10-year trend that the data covered. The data were collected by surveying annual issues of Sport Guide of High Schools and Colleges—Coaches Directory and revealed there were significantly more sports for males than for females at both the junior and senior college level. At the junior college level the mean for sports in the male programs was M=3.28, and for female programs it was M=2.09, t(9)=22.37, p > .0001. The results at the senior college level were also significant. The mean for sports in male programs at that level was M=5.67, and for females it was M=4.14, t(9)=6.68,p> .0001. There were significantly more males than females in leadership roles in female sport programs. The results of the correlated t test between the means of all positions of leadership held in female sport programs was significant. The mean of the positions held by males in junior colleges was M=90.2, and the mean for females was M=40.3, t(9) = 11.82, P> .0001. The mean of the positions held by males in senior colleges was M= 186.6, while that for females was 128.3, f(9)=6.68, p > .0001. Various causes for the reduction in the number of female coaches and implications of the current trends are discussed.

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Creating New Sport Opportunities for Girls: Resource Acquisition and Mobilization Across Competitive Environments

Marlene A. Dixon, B. Christine Green, Arden Anderson, and Peter Evans

school sport are important participation sites. In the United States, public (i.e., taxpayer-funded) schools provide tuition-free education and sport opportunities for students; thus, school sport is considered to provide equal opportunities for participants of all genders, ethnicities, and social

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The Myth of the Amateur: A History of College Athletic Scholarships

James T. Morton

. Chapters 2 and 3 center on the early dilemma for schools in abiding by the amateur ideal that was expressed on campuses in the mid to late 1800s. Smith uses Harvard as the example, as they were the trend setters in college athletics at the time. He describes how they chose to abide by amateur principles

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Same Players Different Game: An Examination of the Commercial College Athletics Industry

John Miller

-driven to administrator-driven, thereby marginalizing the power of the faculty. Another change is the desire of the student-consumers to have spectator sports at their university. Third is the importance of having a successful team as a “front porch” to the school through which the public can view the

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Lebron, Inc.: The Making of a Billion-Dollar Athlete

Curtis Fogel

’ life both on and off the court since James was an emerging superstar in high school. He was a Cleveland Cavaliers beat reporter throughout James’ first playing stint with the team and has since co-written multiple books chronicling James’ career. Windhorst has had a seat on the sidelines of Lebron

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With Name, Image, and Likeness, College Sports Enters the Gig Economy

Sam C. Ehrlich, Joe Sabin, and Neal C. Ternes

amateurism and essentially only offered that NIL payments cannot be used as recruiting inducements or as part of a pay-for-play scheme. The NCAA also, in puzzling and unnecessary fashion, stated that athletes and schools must follow state law where applicable and necessary. Aside from these relatively minute

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Examining Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Passage of Youth Sport Concussion Legislation

Landy Di Lu and Kathryn L. Heinze

practice and proper medical clearance by a health care professional before athletes could return to play ( Relating to Safety of School Sports Bill, 2009 ; Youth Sports Head Injuries Policies, 2009 ). The Lystedt Law also specified that parents sign a concussion information sheet on a yearly basis and

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Charting a New Path: Regulating College Athlete Name, Image and Likeness After NCAA v. Alston Through Collective Bargaining

Alicia Jessop, Thomas A. Baker III, Joanna Wall Tweedie, and John T. Holden

allowing college athletes to profit from the commercial use of their NIL within certain guidelines. Subsequently, many college athletes began monetizing the commercial value inherent to their identities, some even committing to schools based on available NIL opportunities ( Clarke, 2021 ; Dellenger, 2022a

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Fashion Versus Comfort: Exploring the Gendered Marketing Messages of Sport Team Licensed Merchandise

Katherine Sveinson and Larena Hoeber

should perform their fandom. Therefore, we explored the implied performance in the marketing messages and not the actualized performance of the consumer when using the items. We chose five schools in the National College Athletic Association (NCAA) to explore this phenomenon. Using ecommerce sites, the

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Race, Sports, and Education: Improving Opportunities and Outcomes for Black Male College Athletes

Ajhanai Channel Inez Newton

divided into four distinct sections. First, Singer sets the context of the case study by providing characteristic details of the institution and football program. Section two provides context into the P–12 educational experiences, familial backgrounds, high school and collegiate sport careers, and