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Correlates of Sedentary Time Among Children and Adolescents in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sibhatu Biadgilign, Tennyson Mgutshini, Bereket Gebremichael, Demewoz Haile, Lioul Berhanu, Stanley Chitekwe, and Peter Memiah

this background, and to address the existing gap in the literature, this study aimed at assessing the correlates of sedentary time among children and adolescents in Ethiopia. Materials and Methods Study Setting and Sample A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in representative samples

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Relationships Among Children’s Independent Mobility, Active Transportation, and Physical Activity: A Multisite Cross-Sectional Study

Richard Larouche, Joel D. Barnes, Sébastien Blanchette, Guy Faulkner, Negin A. Riazi, François Trudeau, and Mark S. Tremblay

computed an IM index based on participants’ responses to 6 questions assessing the “mobility licenses” originally proposed by Hillman et al ( 17 ). These licenses reflect permissions for the child to do the following activities on their own: cross main roads, cycle on main roads, go on local buses, go out

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Accelerometer and Survey Assessed Physical Activity in Children With Epilepsy: A Case-Controlled Study

Joan Idowu, Natalie Pearson, Collette Meades, J. Helen Cross, Amy Muggeridge, Monica Lakhanpaul, Kerry Robinson, Lauren B. Sherar, and Colin Reilly

associations between PA and QoL. Methods Study Procedure Following ethics approval from the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (REC) 3, cross-sectional data were collected between March 2020 and June 2022. Recruitment to the study began in March 2020, but was subsequently put on hold due to COVID-19

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Cross-Validation of Single-Stage Treadmill Tests for Predicting Aerobic Fitness in Adolescents With Type I Diabetes

Shelby L. Francis, Ajay Singhvi, Eva Tsalikian, Michael J. Tansey, and Kathleen F. Janz

Purpose:

Determining fitness is important when assessing adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Submaximal tests estimate fitness, but none have been validated in this population. This study cross-validates the Ebbeling and Nemeth equations to predict fitness (VO2max (ml/kg/min)) in adolescents with T1DM.

Methods:

Adolescents with T1DM (n = 20) completed a maximal treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. Participants completed one 4-min stage between 2.0 and 4.5 mph and 5% grade (Ebbeling/Nemeth protocol). Speed and grade were then increased until exhaustion. Predicted VO2max was calculated using the Ebbeling and Nemeth equations and compared with observed VO2max using paired t tests. Pearson correlation coefficients, 95% confidence intervals, coefficients of determination (R2), and total error (TE) were calculated.

Results:

The mean observed VO2max was 47.0 ml/kg/min (SD = 6.9); the Ebbeling and Nemeth mean predictions were 42.4 (SD = 9.4) and 43.5 ml/kg/min (SD = 6.9), respectively. Paired t tests resulted in statistically significant (p < .01) mean differences between observed and predicted VO2max for both predictions. The association between the Ebbeling prediction and observed VO2max was r = .90 (95% CI = 0.76, 0.96), R 2 = .81, and TE = 6.5 ml/kg/min. The association between the Nemeth prediction and observed VO2max was r = .81 (95% CI = 0.57, 0.92), R 2 = .66, and TE = 5.6 ml/kg/min.

Conclusion:

The Nemeth submaximal treadmill protocol provides a better estimate of fitness than the Ebbeling in adolescents with T1DM.

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Clustering of Sedentary Behaviors and Physical Activity among Youth: A Cross-National Study

Simon J. Marshall, Stuart J.H. Biddle, James F. Sallis, Thomas L. McKenzie, and Terry L. Conway

Few studies have attempted to describe patterns of sedentary behavior among children and examine how these relate to patterns of physical activity. A group of 2,494 youth aged 11–15 years from the USA and UK completed a physical activity checklist. Low intercorrelations between sedentary behaviors suggest youth sedentariness is multifaceted and cannot be represented accurately by any one behavior such as TV viewing. Cluster analysis identified three groups of young people, differentiated by the level and type of sedentary behavior and physical activity. Physical activity and sedentary behavior are not two sides of the same coin. Further study should examine the health-related outcomes associated with sedentary behavior and the modifiable determinants of these behaviors among young people.

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Training Practices and Staleness in 13–18-Year-Old Swimmers: A Cross-Cultural Study

John Raglin, Sachi Sawamura, Serafim Alexiou, Peter Hassmén, and Goran Kenttä

Adolescent swimmers (N = 231) from Greece, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S. completed questionnaires on training practices, mood state, staleness prevalence, and symptoms. Contrasts were made across countries and between stale and healthy groups. Of the total sample, 34.6% reported having been stale, ranging from 20.5% to 45.1% across countries. The mean length of staleness episodes was 3.6 weeks. Stale swimmers had faster (p < .01) personal best times in the 100-m freestyle compared with healthy swimmers. Mood disturbance was elevated (p < .05) during peak training for all countries except Japan. Stale swimmers reported greater (p < .05) mood disturbance at all assessments compared with healthy swimmers. The pattern of staleness symptoms was similar across all countries, with perception of training effort being the most affected.

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Cross Validation of Fat-Free Mass Prediction Models for Elite Female Gymnasts

Patricia W. Bauer, James M. Pivarnik, Willa C. Fornetti, Jennifer J. Jallo, and Lawrence Nassar

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate three bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) prediction models for fat-free mass (FFM) using the U.S. National Women’s Gymnastics team (N = 48; age = 15.8 ± 1.8 years). One model had been developed recently using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the criterion measure, whereas the other two used hydrodensitometry. In this investigation, FFM predictions were compared with measures obtained via DEXA. FFM measured by DEXA averaged 40.5 ± 7.4 kg (± SD), whereas values generated using the three BIA models were within 0.8 kg of this actual measure. Validity coefficients for all models were high (Rxy = .95-98). FFM prediction error was lowest with the model using DEXA as the criterion measure (1.3 kg) compared with the other two (1.9 and 2.4 kg). All BIA models underpredicted FFM in the heaviest girls, and the Lohman and Van Loan et al. models overpredicted FFM in the lightest girls. Whereas prediction error was significantly correlated to the girls’ bone mineral density in all BIA models, this relationship was strongest in the two that were developed using hydrodensitometry.

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Iron and Hematologic Status in Young Athletes Relative to Puberty: A Cross-Sectional Study

Noreen D. Willows, Susan K. Grimston, Delia Roberts, David J. Smith, and David A. Hanley

This study assessed serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit among 107 physically active young people 9 to 18 years of age. Tanner stage (TS) of puberty was assessed and subjects were categorized as prepubertal (TS 1), midpubertal (TS 2, 3, and 4, excluding menarcheal females) and going through their rapid growth phase, or late pubertal (TS 5 and menarcheal females) and having completed their rapid growth phase. Midpubertal females had a lower hematocrit than late pubertal females, but there were no significant differences in serum ferritin or hemoglobin between pubertal groups. Late pubertal males had hemoglobin and hematocrit values that were higher than among prepubertal males, but serum ferritin did not differ. At late puberty the males had significantly higher serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared with late pubertal females, and females in late puberty were more likely to have marginal iron stores compared with males at the same stage of pubertal development. Midpubertal and late pubertal females reported a diet low in absorbed iron, which could contribute to their poorer iron status.

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Activity-Associated Differences in Bone Mineral Are Evident before Puberty: A Cross-Sectional Study of 130 Female Novice Dancers and Controls

Kim Bennell, Karim Khan, Bernadette Matthews, Elizabeth Cook, Karen Holzer, Heather McKay, and John Wark

It is not clear at what age or maturational stage physical activity is most effective in optimizing peak bone mass in girls. We compared bone mineral of 78 pre- and early-pubertal novice female ballet dancers (mean age, 9.6 years, SD, 0.8) with that of 52 age-matched controls. Dancers had 4.5% greater total hip bone mineral density (BMD) and 4.9% greater femoral neck BMD (both p < .01) than controls. BMD at the lumbar spine and upper and lower limbs was similar between groups. These findings could not be explained by maturity, size, body composition, or dietary calcium intake differences between groups. While genetics may partially explain these findings, we propose that the mechanical loading of dance training provided appropriate skeletal stimulus to generate site-specific BMD advantage.

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Skeletal Muscle Composition and Glucose Levels in Children Who Are Overweight and Obese

Trent J. Herda, Philip M. Gallagher, Jonathan D. Miller, Matthew P. Bubak, and Mandy E. Parra

, research to examine the link between intramuscular adiposity and glucose metabolism in prepubescent children is warranted. Ultrasonography provides valid and reliable information regarding anatomical skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) ( 7 , 39 ) and noncontractile tissue in the muscle (skeletal