of the United States as a global superpower. 25 Research involving media analyses has brought to light interesting manifestations of Anglo-American relations during this same period prior to the First World War, in competitive sports including athletics, tennis, and horseracing, which revealed
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George Wilson, Dan Martin, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close
( Olmedillas et al., 2012 ), as opposed to low energy availability per se. While we acknowledge that the apprentice jockeys presented with considerably less race riding experience than their senior counterparts, it is noteworthy that apprentice jockeys are likely to be from horse-racing families and, hence
Luísa V. Pinto, Filipa C. Gouveia, Joana F. Ramalho, Sara R. Silva, and Joana R. Silva
Median age of rider, range 25 (15–91) Median body mass, kg 63 (41–90) Body height, cm 17.38 (9.16) BMI 22.38 (2.93) Sex 111 males (51.4%) 105 females (48.6%) EM a Dressage: 96 Show jumping: 86 Horseball: 8 Working equitation: 3 Horseracing: 3 Eventing: 8 Endurance: 2 Bullfight rider: 1 Break a horse: 2
Eric Tsz-Chun Poon, John O’Reilly, Sinead Sheridan, Michelle Mingjing Cai, and Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
fracture occurrence: A five-year follow-up study in elderly people . Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12 ( 7 ), 1075 – 1082 . PubMed doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.7.1075 Cotugna , N. , Snider , O.S. , & Windish , J. ( 2011 ). Nutrition assessment of horse-racing athletes . Journal of Community
Hannah Butler-Coyne, Vaithehy Shanmuganathan-Felton, and Jamie Taylor
hormonal profile and elevated rate of bone loss are associated with low bone mass in professional horse-racing jockeys . Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 30 ( 5 ), 534 – 542 . PubMed ID: 22491874 doi:10.1007/s00774-012-0354-4 10.1007/s00774-012-0354-4 Dosil , J. ( 2008 ). Eating disorders in
Monica Klungland Torstveit, Ida Fahrenholtz, Thomas B. Stenqvist, Øystein Sylta, and Anna Melin
altered hormonal profile and elevated rate of bone loss are associated with low bone mass in professional horse-racing jockeys . Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 30 ( 5 ), 534 – 542 . doi:10.1007/s00774-012-0354-4 Fahrenholtz , I.L. , Sjödin , A. , Benardot , D. , Tornberg , Å
Louise M. Burke, Graeme L. Close, Bronwen Lundy, Martin Mooses, James P. Morton, and Adam S. Tenforde
practices that may compromise health. Common methods to make weight include food restriction, prolonged sweating, and even forced vomiting, known in the horse-racing industry as “flipping” ( Dolan et al., 2011 ; Wilson et al., 2014b ). Jockeys typically consume inadequate diets ( Dolan et al., 2011 ; Poon
Tom Mitchell, Adam Gledhill, Mark Nesti, Dave Richardson, and Martin Littlewood
Opinion in Psychology, 16, 93 – 97 . doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.011 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.011 Martin , D , Wilson , G. , Morton , J.P. , Close , G.L. , & Murphy , R.C. ( 2017 ). The horseracing industry’s perception of nutritional and weight-making practices of professional jockeys
Olan K.M. Scott, Bo (Norman) Li, and Stephen Mighton
October 2008 to July 2009 ( Lumby et al., 2014 ). Moreover, horseracing received more coverage than women’s sport in the same period ( Lumby et al., 2014 ). The Australian Sports Commission compiled a report coverage of women’s and men’s sports and found that the coverage of women’s sport had declined in
Changwook Kim, Jinwon Kim, and Seongsoo Jang
the horseracing industry . Local Economy, 25 ( 3 ), 220 – 233 . doi:10.1080/02690941003784275 10.1080/02690941003784275 Parr , J.B. ( 2002 ). Missing elements in the analysis of agglomeration economies . International Regional Science Review, 25 ( 2 ), 151 – 168 . doi:10
