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or weak competition from fellow swimmers; and in the morning heats or evening finals. The influence of other factors, such as the frequency of minor competitions, dry land training, dietary practices, psychological training, skills and techniques, and other training practices (eg, altitude training

been investigated. Overall, this motivates a reappraisal of the demands of competitive biathlon, including an examination of factors responsible for differences between performance levels and sex. Many previous studies focused on the impacts of kinematic variables or psychological training programs on

, sensorimotor function, and proprioception 45 ; however, a range of exercises designed to invoke rapid motor unit activation will likely prove beneficial in decreasing the functional deficits observed in reactive strength. It is also worth noting that psychological training should form a major component of

pain of performance, portraying how marathon swimmers come to understand pain as a positive part of hard training, in which they push the limits of their physical capacities, producing physiological and psychological training effects. The discomfort of tired or sore shoulders is often deemed evidence

captain was able to prompt her teammates to use their preferred coping strategies without our active involvement. Phase 4: Evaluating Program Effectiveness With Reflections Evaluation is an essential piece of any psychological training program for determining its effectiveness and utility ( Weinberg

athletes (e.g., physical conditioning, psychological training)” (p. 314). In summary, some coaches may coach individuals whose reasoning may be to participate in sports, while other coaches may coach athletes whose purpose is to compete and perform in sports at a high level of competition. As a result, the

). To date, few studies combine aspects of PST with mindfulness in an intervention setting. Mindfulness-based techniques have been incorporated with PST to add an attitude of acceptance to psychological training ( Röthlin et al., 2016 ). Previous PST research suggests that reducing negative emotions and

forecast which athletes could benefit from preventive measures (e.g., extra coaching, psychological training) to accumulate more hours of practice and get the most out of their training. Our findings suggest that coaches might benefit from evaluating athletes’ levels of conscientiousness-related traits to

problematic symptoms of Whiteness. This echoed Jackson ( 2018 ) who noted that students of color find themselves to be a minority in training cohorts. I was in a similar situation as well. Counseling, therapy, and by extension psychological training tends to be a White, middle-class profession ( Spalding et

for this issue, either—only some common sense or experiential evidence. Finally, there is the issue of adequately balancing psychological training intensity and volume: How many skills should be taught in 1 phase? For how long should they be practiced? What is the difficulty level of the skills? All