According to the stereotype threat model ( Steele, 1997 ), people may underperform on a task when thinking about the negative performance expectations for their own group (for a review in the sports field, see Chalabaev, Sarrazin, Fontayne, Boiché, & Clément-Guillotin, 2013 ; Gentile, Boca
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“Men are Better Than Women!” The Positive Effect of a Negative Stereotype Toward Women on a Self-Paced Cycling Exercise
Maxime Deshayes, Corentin Clément-Guillotin, and Raphaël Zory
“It’s My Time to . . . Fight Some of These Battles”: The Life History of an Exemplary African American PETE Faculty Member
Richard F. Jowers and Matthew D. Curtner-Smith
microaggressions? and (c) To what extent was the participant’s life affected by stereotype threat? Theoretical Framework The theoretical lens we employed during the study was eclectic in that we drew constructs and concepts from two perspectives. These were critical race theory ( Delgado, 1995 ; Tate, 1997 ) and
Public Expectation, Pressure, and Avoiding the Choke: A Case Study from Elite Sport
Ken Hodge and Wayne Smith
This case study focused on pressure, stereotype threat, choking, and the coping experiences of the New Zealand All Blacks rugby team during the period from 2004-2011 leading into their success at the 2011 Rugby World Cup (RWC). Employing a narrative approach this case study examined public expectation, pressure, and coach-led coping strategies designed to “avoid the choke” by the All Blacks team. An in-depth interview was completed with one of the All Blacks’ coaches and analyzed via collaborative thematic analysis (Riessman, 2008). In addition multiple secondary data sources (e.g., coach & player autobiographies; media interviews) were analyzed via holistic-content analysis (Lieblich et al., 1998). Collectively these analyses revealed five key themes: public expectation and pressure, learning from 2007 RWC, coping with RWC pressure, decision-making under pressure, and avoiding the choke. Practical recommendations are offered for team sport coaches with respect to coping with pressure and avoiding choking.
Dealing With Negative Stereotypes in Sports: The Role of Cognitive Anxiety When Multiple Identities Are Activated in Sensorimotor Tasks
Sarah E. Martiny, Ilka H. Gleibs, Elizabeth J. Parks-Stamm, Torsten Martiny-Huenger, Laura Froehlich, Anna-Lena Harter, and Jenny Roth
Based on research on stereotype threat and multiple identities, this work explores the beneficial effects of activating a positive social identity when a negative identity is salient on women’s performance in sports. Further, in line with research on the effects of anxiety in sports, we investigate whether the activation of a positive social identity buffers performance from cognitive anxiety associated with a negative stereotype. Two experiments tested these predictions in field settings. Experiment 1 (N = 83) shows that the simultaneous activation of a positive (i.e., member of a soccer team) and a negative social identity (i.e., woman) led to better performance than the activation of only a negative social identity for female soccer players. Experiment 2 (N = 46) demonstrates that identity condition moderated the effect of cognitive anxiety on performance for female basketball players. Results are discussed concerning multiple identities’ potential for dealing with stressful situations.
“You Kick Like A Girl!” The Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Motor Skill Learning in Young Adolescents
Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi, Laura Gray, Sahar Beik, and Maxime Deshayes
impact of these beliefs on human performance have been of interest to researchers for the last two decades, especially through the stereotype threat theory ( Steele, 1997 ). According to this theory, negative stereotypes (NSs) make people expect to perform poorly, and consequently, it affects the
What Female Sport Management Professors Think: Adherence to Gender Roles and the Impact on Salary Negotiation
Heidi Grappendorf, Cynthia M. Veraldo, Annemarie Farrell, and AJ Grube
. This ultimately creates a catch-22 for women where they are damned if they do and damned if they do not. The concept of stereotype threat is an important consideration related to gender role theories. Steele ( 1997 ) noted a phenomenon when a negative stereotype about an individual’s group exists, the
The Effects of Stereotypes and Observer Pressure on Athletic Performance
Anne Krendl, Izzy Gainsburg, and Nalini Ambady
Although the effects of negative stereotypes and observer pressure on athletic performance have been well researched, the effects of positive stereotypes on performance, particularly in the presence of observers, is not known. In the current study, White males watched a video either depicting Whites basketball players as the best free throwers in the NBA (positive stereotype), Black basketball players as the best free throwers in the NBA (negative stereotype), or a neutral sports video (control). Participants then shot a set of free throws, during which half the participants were also videotaped (observer condition), whereas the other half were not (no observer condition). Results demonstrated that positive stereotypes improved free throw performance, but only in the no observer condition. Interestingly, observer pressure interacted with the positive stereotype to lead to performance decrements. In the negative stereotype condition, performance decrements were observed both in the observer and no observer conditions.
The Jeremy Lin Effect: Being an Asian Sport Psychology Consultant in a Black and White World
Alexander Brian Yu, Thomas Nguyen, and Trent Petrie
As racially diverse, early-career sport psychology consultants (SPCs), we reflect on our experiences working with collegiate athletes and coaches whose racial/ethnic status were different from our own. Our reflections cover (a) the external effects of stereotypes, presence (and pernicious effects) of microaggressions, and strategies for effectively coping with such transgressions; (b) stereotype threat and how Jeremy Lin’s entry into the NBA affected our self-perceptions; and (c) a call to action to further promote a multicultural approach to sport psychology training, research, and practice. In sharing these thoughts, we hope to promote further dialogue in the emerging field of cultural sport psychology.
Novice Women Players Have Better Outcomes in Women-Only Versus Mixed-Gender Esports Tournaments
Kyle Nolla, Mark Beeman, Paul Reber, and Alice Eagly
these spaces. Beyond difficulties entering and remaining in esports, women also face challenges to expressing their skill. Stereotype threat, or performance decrements resulting from anxiety of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s social group, is a well-studied phenomenon shown to affect diverse
Introduction to the Special Issue on Diversity and Inclusion in Sport Management Education
Jacqueline McDowell, Andrew C. Pickett, and Brenda G. Pitts
students entering the sport management industry or academy. In “Differences in Sport Management Doctoral Students’ Experiences With Gender Microaggressions and Stereotype Threat By Gender,” Williams et al. ( 2022 ) additionally highlight the importance of educating future sport management professors about
