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Hyperthermic Fatigue Precedes a Rapid Reduction in Serum Sodium in an Ironman Triathlete: A Case Report

Paul B. Laursen, Greig Watson, Chris R. Abbiss, Bradley A. Wall, and Kazunori Nosaka

Purpose:

To monitor the hydration, core temperature, and speed (pace) of a triathlete performing an Ironman triathlon.

Methods:

A 35-year-old experienced male triathlete participated in the Western Australian Ironman triathlon on December 1, 2006. The participant was monitored for blood Na+ concentration before the race (PRE), at the transitions (T1 and T2), halfway through the run (R21), and after the race (POST; 2hPOST). Core body temperature (T ; pill telemetry) was recorded continuously, and running speed (s3 stride sensor) was measured during the run.

Results:

The participant completed the race in 11 h 38 min, in hot conditions (26.6 ± 5.8°C; 42 ± 19% rel. humidity). His Tc increased from 37.0 to 38.6°C during the 57-min swim, and averaged 38.4°C during the 335-min bike (33.5 km·h-1). After running at 12.4 km·h-1 for 50 min in the heat (33.1°C), T increased to 39.4°C, before slowing to 10.0 km·h-1 for 20 min. T decreased to 38.9°C until he experienced severe leg cramps, after which speed diminished to 6 km·h-1 and T fell to 38.0°C. The athlete’s blood Na+ was constant from PRE to T2 (139-140 mEq·L-1, but fell to 131 mEq·L-1 at R21, 133 mEq·L-1 at POST, and 128 mEq·L-1at 2hPOST The athlete consumed 9.25 L of fuid from PRE to T2, 6.25 L from T2 to POST, and lost 2% of his body mass, indicating sweat losses greater than 15.5 L.

Conclusion:

This athlete slowed during the run phase following attainment of a critically high T and experienced an unusually rapid reduction in blood Na+ that preceded cramping, despite presenting with signs of dehydration.

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 4 (2009): Issue 4 (Dec 2009)

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100 Long-Distance Triathlons in 100 Days: A Case Study on Ultraendurance, Biomarkers, and Physiological Outcomes

Travis Anderson, Reinier A. van Mourik, Kerry J. Martin, Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels, and Kevin A. Longoria

and thus, there is a need to better understand the potential health consequences of these extreme events. A standard long-distance triathlon (LDT) exemplifies such an event, consisting of a 2.4-mile (3.8 km) swim, 112-mile (180 km) bike ride, and a 26.2-mile (42.2 km; ie, a marathon) run. Often

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 18 (2023): Issue 4 (Apr 2023)

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Influence of Performance Level on Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia During Prolonged and Successive Exercise in Triathletes

Olivier Galy, Olivier Hue, Karim Chamari, Alain Boussana, Anis Chaouachi, and Christian Préfaut

Purpose:

To study the relationship between performance and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH), 5 internationally ranked (INT) and 8 regionally ranked (REG) triathletes performed cycle-run successions (CR) and control runs (R) in competitionlike conditions: at ≍75% VO2max.

Methods:

Ventilatory parameters and oxyhemoglo-bin saturation (SpO2) data were collected continuously. Arteriolized partial pressure in O2 (PaO2) and alveolar ventilation (VA) were measured before and after cycling (CRcycle), the successive run (CRrun), and R. Pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco) was measured at rest and 10 minutes post-CR. Training and short-distance triathlon data were collected.

Results:

INT showed signifcantly greater experience than REG in competition years (P > .05), training regimen (P > .05), and swimming (P > .05), and cycling (P > .05) volumes; running showed a trend (P < .06). Cycling, running, and total triathlon performances were significantly higher in INT than REG (P > .01). SpO2 during CR dropped significantly more in INT than in REG. Both groups showed significant inverse correlations between the magnitude of the SpO2 change from CRcy-cle to CRrun and the triathlon running time (r = −0.784; P < .05 and r = −0.699; P < .05; respectively). When compared with CRcycle, PaO2 significantly decreased and VA significantly increased after CRrun and R in both groups (P < .01). DLco significantly dropped between pre- and postexercise in CR and R with no between-group difference (P < .05).

Conclusions:

EIAH was aggravated in higher performers during simulated cycle-run segments, related to longer experience and heavier training regimens. Possibly, relative hypoventilation caused this aggravated EIAH in INT, although pulmonary diffusion limitation was observed in both groups. Beyond EIAH severity, the magnitude of SpO2 variations during the cycle-run transition may affect triathlon running performance.

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 3 (2008): Issue 4 (Dec 2008)

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The Relationships Between Science and Sport: Application in Triathlon

Gregoire P. Millet, David J. Bentley, and Veronica E. Vleck

The relationships between sport sciences and sports are complex and changeable, and it is not clear how they reciprocally influence each other. By looking at the relationship between sport sciences and the “new” (~30-year-old) sport of triathlon, together with changes in scientific fields or topics that have occurred between 1984 and 2006 (278 publications), one observes that the change in the sport itself (eg, distance of the events, wetsuit, and drafting) can influence the specific focus of investigation. The sport-scientific fraternity has successfully used triathlon as a model of prolonged strenuous competition to investigate acute physiological adaptations and trauma, as support for better understanding cross-training effects, and, more recently, as a competitive sport with specific demands and physiological features. This commentary discusses the evolution of the scientific study of triathlon and how the development of the sport has affected the nature of scientific investigation directly related to triathlon and endurance sport in general.

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 2 (2007): Issue 3 (Sep 2007)

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A Sport Federation’s Attempt to Restructure a Coach Education Program Using Constructivist Principles

Kyle J. Paquette, Aman Hussain, Pierre Trudel, and Martin Camiré

Building on Hussain et al.’s (2012) analysis of Triathlon Canada’s constructivist-informed coach education program from the perspective of the program designer, this case study explored the structure and initial implementation of the program, as well as coaches’ perspectives of their journey to certification. Through a series of document analyses and interviews with the inaugural group of coach participants (N = 4), strategies for the application of constructivist principles are presented and discussed in relation to the coaches’ perspectives and coach development literature. More specifically, through its innovative use of learning activities and formative evaluation and assessment strategies, the program is shown to place considerable emphasis on coaches’ biographies, refection, and representation of learning. Finally, recommendations for coach educators are presented.

Cover International Sport Coaching Journal

In International Sport Coaching Journal Volume 1 (2014): Issue 2 (May 2014)

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The Timing of Fluid Intake during an Olympic Distance Triathlon

Robert McMurray, David K. Williams, and Claudio L. Battaglini

Seven highly trained male triathletes, aged 18 to 35 years, were tested during two simulated Olympic distance triathlons to determine whether run performance was enhanced when consuming 177 ml of water at 8, 16, 24, and 32 kilometers (Early Trials) compared to consumption at 10, 20, 30, and 40 kilometers (Late Trials), during the cycling segment of the triathlon. Swim times for 1500 m were similar between trials; 40-km cycling times were ~10 s faster during the Late trials; however, 10-km run times were faster during the Early Trials (P < 0.02). No significant differences between run trials were found for the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, heart rate, and change in urine specific gravity. It was concluded that the consumption of fluids earlier in the cycle phase of the Olympic distance triathlon benefits the run and overall performance time.

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Volume 16 (2006): Issue 6 (Dec 2006)

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Olympic Preparation of a World-Class Female Triathlete

Iñigo Mujika

Detailed accounts of the training programs followed by today’s elite triathletes are lacking in the sport-science literature. This study reports on the training program of a world-class female triathlete preparing to compete in the London 2012 Olympic Games. Over 50 wk, she performed 796 sessions (303 swim, 194 bike, 254 run, 45 strength training), ie, 16 ± 4 sessions/wk (mean ± SD). Swim, bike, and run training volumes were, respectively, 1230 km (25 ± 8 km/wk), 427 h (9 ± 3 h/wk), and 250 h (5 ± 2 h/wk). Training tasks were categorized and prescribed based on heart-rate values and/or speeds and power outputs associated with different blood lactate concentrations. Training performed at intensities below her individual lactate threshold (ILT), between the ILT and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), and above the OBLA for swim were 74% ± 6%, 16% ± 2%, 10% ± 2%; bike 88% ± 3%, 10% ± 1%, 2.1% ± 0.2%; and run 85% ± 2%, 8.0% ± 0.3%, 6.7% ± 0.3%. Training organization was adapted to the busy competition calendar (18 events, of which 8 were Olympic-distance triathlons) and continuously responded to emerging information. Training volumes were 35–80% higher than those previously reported for elite male and female triathletes, but training intensity and tapering strategies successfully followed recommended best practice for endurance athletes. This triathlete placed 7th in London 2012, and her world ranking improved from 14th to 8th at the end of 2012.

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 9 (2014): Issue 4 (Jul 2014)

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Comparison of Postexercise Nutrition Knowledge and Postexercise Carbohydrate and Protein Intake between Australian Masters and Younger Triathletes

Thomas M. Doering, Peter R. Reaburn, Gregory Cox, and David G. Jenkins

Postexercise nutrition is a critical component of an athlete’s recovery from training and competition. However, little is known about athletes’ postexercise dietary practices or knowledge of dietary recommendations, particularly among masters athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the knowledge of postexercise nutritional recommendations, and typical postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein, between masters and younger triathletes. 182 triathletes (Male = 101, Female = 81) completed an online survey distributed by Triathlon Australia. Knowledge of postexercise nutrition recommendations for protein and carbohydrate intake were assessed as a group, and contrasted between subgroups of masters (≥50 years) and younger triathletes (≤30 years). Using dietary recall, postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein were examined and contrasted between masters and younger triathletes. As a group, 43.1% and 43.9% of all triathletes answered, “I don’t know” when asked to identify the recommended postexercise carbohydrate and protein intakes, respectively. Dietary analysis revealed masters triathletes consumed significantly less carbohydrate (0.7 ± 0.4 g.kg-1) postexercise than recommended (1.0 g.kg-1; p = .001), and in comparison with younger triathletes (1.1 ± 0.6 g.kg-1; p = .01). Postexercise protein intakes were similar between masters (19.6 ± 13.5 g) and younger (26.4 ± 15.8 g) triathletes. However, relative to body mass, masters triathletes consumed significantly less protein (0.3 ± 0.2 g.kg-1) than younger triathletes (0.4 ± 0.2 g.kg-1; p = .03), and consumed significantly less energy postexercise (22.7 ± 11.7 kJ.kg-1) than younger triathletes (37.8 ± 19.2 kJ.kg-1; p = .01). The present data suggests triathletes have poor knowledge of recommendations for postexercise carbohydrate and protein intakes. Furthermore, low postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein by masters athletes may impair acute recovery.

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Volume 26 (2016): Issue 4 (Aug 2016)

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Determinants of 1500-m Front-Crawl Swimming Performance in Triathletes: Influence of Physiological and Biomechanical Variables

Óscar López-Belmonte, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Ana Gay, Francisco Cuenca-Fernández, Roberto Cejuela, and Raúl Arellano

Triathlon is a multisport event involving 3 consecutive disciplines: swimming, cycling, and running. The World Triathlon classifies the events depending on the distance covered in each discipline: sprint (swim 0.75 km, cycle 20 km, and run 5 km), standard (swim 1.5 km, cycle 40 km, and run 10 km

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 18 (2023): Issue 11 (Nov 2023)

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Cycling Versus Uphill Walking: Impact on Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Running Exercise

Benjamin Pageaux, Jean Theurel, and Romuald Lepers

investigated the impact of combined exercises (eg, cycling and running) on neuromuscular function. 8 – 10 These studies, based on triathlon events, demonstrated that, when tested at the end of the running exercise, countermovement jump performance was decreased. 8 , 9 Additionally, an increase in muscle

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 12 (2017): Issue 10 (Nov 2017)