volunteer for extrinsic reasons ( Burns et al., 2008 ). Social role theory supports this notion as females are anticipated to care for close family and friends through focusing on the personal and emotional needs of others ( Eagly & Crowley, 1986 ). However, previous studies have found altruism as the
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Kirstin Hallmann, Anita Zehrer, Sheranne Fairley, and Lea Rossi
Szczepan Kościółek
), especially as altruism as a separate motivation domain has been negatively verified in empirical studies ( Bretschneider & Leimeister, 2017 ). Intrinsically motivated crowdinvestors can also support campaigns they like. Liking a campaign indicates positive emotions toward the idea behind the project
Stefan Walzel, Jonathan Robertson, and Christos Anagnostopoulos
al., 2012 ), or the financial performance/sustainability of nonprofit sports organizations ( Bingham & Walters, 2013 ). The least-represented approach was ethical conceptual approaches that “advocate strong corporate self-restraint and altruism duties and expansive public policy strengthening
