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Stress-Induced Syncope: A Case Study

Alyssa Albrecht

Four adolescent female athletes across four grades were diagnosed with either psychogenic nonepileptic seizures or conversion disorder. The females underwent thorough evaluations with their primary care providers and episode and symptom tracking by their athletic trainer. Through different applications of cognitive behavioral therapy and one-on-one counseling, the disorders resolved. Teaching athletes the importance of choosing healthy coping mechanisms to stress is vital to quality mental health. It is recommended that more research be done on psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and provide an understanding to those working with the adolescent population on triggers and treatments for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

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College Athletes’ Expectations About Injury Rehabilitation With an Athletic Trainer

Joe Hart, Damien Clement, Jordan Hamson-Utley, Monna Arvinen-Barrow, Cindra Kamphoff, Rebecca A. Zakrajsek, and Scott B. Martin

Context:

Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can infuence the effectiveness of the assistance provided.

Objective:

To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation services with an athletic trainer.

Design:

A questionnaire was administered to student athletes that assessed expectations about injury rehabilitation. Setting: Five colleges and universities.

Patients or Other Participants:

Questionnaire responses were provided by 679 student athletes (443 males and 236 females).

Main Outcome Measure:

Responses to the Expectations about Athletic Training questionnaire were used to assess factors identifed as Personal Commitment, Facilitative Conditions, Athletic Trainer Expertise, and Realism.

Results:

A statistically signifcant interaction between gender and prior experience was identifed. Male athletes with no prior experience had lower expectations for a facilitative environment. Female athletes with prior experience were less likely to have realistic expectations.

Conclusions:

Gender and prior experience infuence athletes’ expectations of injury rehabilitation with an athletic trainer.

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Comparing Severe Injuries by Sex and Sport in Collegiate-Level Athletes: A Descriptive Epidemiologic Study

Johanna M. Hurtubise, Cheryl Beech, and Alison Macpherson

Context:

There is a lack of research on sex differences for severe injuries across a variety of sports at the collegiate level.

Objective:

To compare differences in injury severity and concussion between sexes and collegiate sports.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiological study.

Participants:

1,657 injuries were analyzed from collegiate teams at York University.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Injuries were assessed by a certified or student athletic therapist and were categorized based on degree of tissue and/or joint damage as either severe or nonsevere. Severe injuries included those with third degree damage, while all others were classified as nonsevere. Injury severity was compared between the sexes and across different sports using Pearson chisquare analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the relative contribution of each covariate.

Results:

Males sustained 1,155 injuries, with 13.3% of them being severe, while females sustained only 502 injuries, 17.7% of which were severe. The odds of sustaining severe injuries among female athletes are 1.4 times the odds of male athletes (OR: 1.40, CI 1.05−1.86). Eleven percent of all female injuries were concussions—significantly more than males (χ2 = 11.03, p = .001). The odds of female athletes having a concussion are 1.9 times the odds of a male athlete (OR: 1.85, CI 1.28−2.67).

Conclusion:

Based on our analysis, females are at an increased risk of sustaining a severe injury, particularly concussions. These findings highlight the need for future research into sex and sport-specific risk factors. This may provide information for health care professionals, coaches, and athletes for the proper prevention, on-field care, and treatment of sport injuries.

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Dynamic Postural Control Two Years Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Female Collegiate Soccer Player

Michael A. Samaan, Eric K. Greska, Matthew C. Hoch, Joshua T. Weinhandl, Sebastian Y. Bawab, and Stacie I. Ringleb

Context:

ACL injury may cause a lack of knee joint proprioception and motor control due to knee joint instability. ACL reconstruction restores knee joint stability, yet dynamic postural control may still be affected while performing dynamic tasks.

Objective:

To examine the effects of ACL injury and reconstruction on dynamic postural control using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and single leg hop (SLH).

Participant:

One Division I female athlete.

Main Outcome Measure:

The athlete’s dynamic postural control, both pre- and postreconstruction, was compared with preinjury data using the method of minimal detectable change using reach distances obtained from the SEBT and hop distances from the SLH.

Results:

ACL injury and reconstruction affected the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach distances of the SEBT. Despite restoration of joint stability, anterior reach distance in the SEBT did not return to preinjury levels 27 months after ACL reconstruction. SLH distances decreased following injury but returned to preinjury levels 27 months after ACL reconstruction.

Conclusion:

Dynamic postural control and performance during the SEBT and SLH were affected by ACL injury and for extended periods of time after ACL reconstruction. Quadriceps inhibition and muscle strength of the involved limb may affect dynamic postural control both after ACL injury and reconstruction while performing the SEBT. Compensatory mechanisms at the hip and ankle may aid in performance of the SLH after reconstruction. Using baseline measurements, where possible, may help researchers better understand the effects of ACL injury and reconstruction on dynamic postural control.

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The Relationship Between Stress Fractures and Bone Turnover Markers Is Unclear in Athletic and Military Populations: A Critically Appraised Topic

Karrie L. Hamstra-Wright, Eddin Djelovic, and Justin Payette

history (Hx) of SFx versus controls, while Miyomoto et al. 17 reported decreased formation in female athletes with a Hx of SFx compared with controls. Lastly, Johnston et al. 14 reported a moderate positive correlation between bone resorption and bone formation in female runners with a Hx of SFxs

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Continuing Education Assessment

(VGRF) and improving knee to ankle ratio in female athletes that have lesser baseline VGRF. a. true b. false 19. In the Research Report by Jochimsen et al., it states that 3 months following hip arthroscopy may be an important time point for assessing psychological factors. a. true b. false 20. Other

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Female Collegiate Gymnasts’ Perceptions and Beliefs on Preventative Training Programs

Jessica C. Martinez, Ja’Naya M. Alexander, and Kelly D. Pagnotta

in a PTP. They are not influenced by improved sports performance, improved overall health, or improved health-related quality of life. Several studies have surveyed female adolescent athletes of varying sports (soccer, field hockey, and volleyball) and reported that female athletes are motivated by

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Plyometrics Did Not Improve Jump-Landing Biomechanics in Individuals With a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hyunjae Jeon, Sean Krysak, Steven J. Pfeiffer, and Abbey C. Thomas

neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study . Am J Sports Med . 2005 ; 33 ( 4 ): 492 – 501 . doi:10.1177/0363546504269591 10.1177/0363546504269591 15722287 2. Paterno MV , Schmitt LC , Ford KR , et

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Intra- and Interrater Reliability of the Directional Balance and Reach Tests With and Without Rotation

Larry R. Munger, Jean-Michel Brismée, Phillip S. Sizer, and C. Roger James

. Plyometric training in female athletes. Decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques . Am J Sports Med . 1996 ; 24 ( 6 ): 765 – 773 . PubMed ID: 8947398 doi:10.1177/036354659602400611 3. McLean S , Walker K , Ford K , Myer G , Hewett T , van den Bogert AJ . Evaluation of a two

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The Effect of Experience Levels on Injury Rates in Collegiate Rugby Players

Francesca A. Harvey and Eric Schussler

female athletes, 37.5% ( n  = 3) of the injuries were sustained due to the participant being tackled, 12.5% ( n  = 1) was due to the participant being the tackler, and 50% ( n  = 4) were due to some other mechanism. For the two experienced female athletes, 100% of their injuries were the result of