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providing athletes a sense of control over unpredictable situations such as athletic competition ( Brevers, Nils, Dan, & Noël, 2011 ). Superstitious behavior is sometimes displayed during the preperformance routine (PPR) or immediately before competition, making it difficult to differentiate what is

improve on (e.g., refining preperformance routines) in the following week. Such integration would help athletes actively practice their solutions in training with the intent of generalizing their use to competitions. SPPs may facilitate this process by collecting midintervention assessment data, as well

Connaughton et al. ( 2008 ) study indicated that the development of mental toughness required mental skills, such as self-talk, focus, preperformance routines, imagery, and goal setting. Because grit and mental toughness share the core notion of perseverance and resilience amid challenges, perhaps the

the most effective choking-based interventions used preperformance routines, left-hand contractions, acclimatization, or quiet eye ( Gröpel & Mesagno, 2019 ). James and the lead author discussed these options to identify any preference, with James choosing acclimatization, believing he would be most

avoid disrupting their preperformance routine. A mean score for each subscale was calculated for analysis. Jones et al. ( 2005 ) provided psychometric support for the measure’s subscales, with alpha coefficients ranging from .81 to .88 in adult athletes from team and individual sports. Cognitive

observing athletes’ use of PS. The coaches talked about watching athletes’ use of PS and noticing how effective it was. Coaches said they listened to how negative athletes were and watched for breaks in preperformance routines. Coaches also mentioned testing athletes’ use of PS by providing challenges and

, [including] best and worst cases.” She tied MAs’ imagery to the “mitigation of worries” as well as to “breathing, relaxation, and active mindfulness,” and coached them to integrate it into warm-ups. Some MPCs worked on refining their preperformance routines, addressing cognitive reframing (changing from

separately examined preparation and execution thought processes. Usual Expert Thought During Preparation Golf shot preparations tend to be regimented in better players (e.g.,  Thomas & Over, 1994 ) and organized into a preperformance routine (PPR) in which planned behavioral and psychological activities are

preperformance routines have an important function for attention in sport, enabling an athlete to deal with distraction (e.g.,  Boutcher & Crews, 1987 ), focus attention (e.g.,  Cotterill, Sanders, & Collins, 2010 ), and act as a trigger ( Boutcher & Crews, 1987 ; Moran, 1996 ). Moreover, research ( Cotterill

preperformance routines that help athletes prepare for skill execution. The athletes performing at a consistent high level had excellent strategies for refocusing when faced with distractions. Distraction-control plans have also been successful in golf ( McCaffrey & Orlick, 1989 ) and tennis ( Weinberg, 2006