investigated the impact of combined exercises (eg, cycling and running) on neuromuscular function. 8 – 10 These studies, based on triathlon events, demonstrated that, when tested at the end of the running exercise, countermovement jump performance was decreased. 8 , 9 Additionally, an increase in muscle
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Cycling Versus Uphill Walking: Impact on Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Running Exercise
Benjamin Pageaux, Jean Theurel, and Romuald Lepers
High Thermoregulatory Strain During Competitive Paratriathlon Racing in the Heat
Ben T. Stephenson, Sven P. Hoekstra, Keith Tolfrey, and Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
severely understudied despite athletes’ commonality in Paralympic sports and similarly increased risk of thermal strain. Competitive events in paratriathlon, the Paralympic variant of triathlon, are commonly held in environments with high ambient temperatures; however, prolonged exercise in hot
Brief Report: Training Load, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Illness Incidence in Elite Paratriathletes
Ben T. Stephenson, Eleanor Hynes, Christof A. Leicht, Keith Tolfrey, and Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
Paratriathlon is a variant of triathlon modified for individuals with a physical impairment. 1 It has been shown that paratriathletes produce large training loads (TLs) to maximize beneficial adaptations. 1 However, there is a risk that high TLs will increase the likelihood of illness, 2 most
Is Swimmers’ Performance Influenced by Wetsuit Use?
Ana Gay, Gracia López-Contreras, Ricardo J. Fernandes, and Raúl Arellano
In triathlon and open-water swimming official events, it is permissible to compete using a wetsuit depending on water temperature, the length of the swim, and age group (to prevent hypothermia). 1 Previous research on wetsuit effects focused on performance improvements due to increased buoyancy
Metacognitions and Mindfulness in Athletes: An Investigation on the Determinants of Flow
Steven Love, Lee Kannis-Dymand, and Geoff P. Lovell
and competitive) among the triathletes would impact on experienced flow and each of the metacognitive and mindfulness variables. Method Participants and Procedure Following ethics approval and confirmation of informed consent, triathletes from the Caloundra Tri Series and the Mooloolaba Triathlon
A Multifactorial Assessment of Elite Paratriathletes’ Response to 2 Weeks of Intensified Training
Ben T. Stephenson, Christof A. Leicht, Keith Tolfrey, and Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
-6736(12)60831-9 22770458 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60831-9 19. Cejuela-Anta R , Esteve-Lanao J . Training load quantification in triathlon . J Hum Sport Exerc . 2011 ; 6 : 1 – 11 . doi:10.4100/jhse.2011.61.01 20. Gleeson M , Bishop N , Oliveira M , McCauley T , Tauler P , Muhamad AS . Respiratory
Triathlon Magazine Canada and the (Re-)Construction of Female Sporting Bodies
Jesse Couture
This paper provides a critical look at the ways in which the female sporting body is discursively constructed within Triathlon Magazine Canada (TMC), Canada’s only triathlon-exclusive magazine. By exploring both visual and narrative representations of the athletic female sporting body, this paper exposes some of the discursive tensions that seem to persist in this popular triathlon-specific text. Both the sport of triathlon and the bodies of triathletes may each be understood as sites where essentialist ideas about the body can be effectively disrupted or challenged but TMC represents a façade of gender progressivism insofar as it (re)produces many of the same heteronormative representations of gender found in other popular sport magazines.
Case Study: Beverage Temperature at Aid Stations in Ironman Triathlon
Catriona A. Burdon, Nathan A. Johnson, Phillip G. Chapman, Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed, and Helen T. O’Connor
Purpose:
The aim of this study was to measure the effect of environmental conditions and aid-station beverage-cooling practices on the temperature of competitor beverages.
Methods:
Environmental and beverage temperatures were measured at three cycling and two run course aid stations at the 2010 Langkawi, Malaysia (MA), and Port Macquarie, Australia (AU), Ironman triathlon events. To measure the specific effect of radiant temperature, additional fluid-filled (600 ml) drink bottles (n = 12) were cooled overnight (C) and then placed in direct sun (n = 6) or shade (n = 6) near to a cycle aid station at AU.
Results:
During both events, beverage temperature increased over time (p < .05) as environmental conditions, particularly radiant temperature increased (p < .05). Mean beverage temperature ranged between 14–26°C and during both events was above the palatable range (15–22°C) for extended periods. At AU, bottles placed in direct sunlight heated faster (6.9 ± 2.3 °C·h−1) than those in the shade (4.8 ± 1.1°C·h−1, p = .05).
Conclusion:
Simple changes to Ironman aidstation practices, including shade and chilling beverages with ice, result in the provision of cooler beverages. Future studies should investigate whether provision of cool beverages at prolonged endurance events influences heat-illness incidence, beverage-consumption patterns, and competitor performance.
Variability in Power Output During Cycling in International Olympic-Distance Triathlon
Naroa Etxebarria, Shaun D’Auria, Judith M. Anson, David B. Pyne, and Richard A. Ferguson
Purpose:
The patterns of power output in the ~1-h cycle section of Olympic-distance triathlon races are not well documented. Here the authors establish a typical cycling-race profile derived from several International Triathlon Union elite-level draftinglegal triathlon races.
Methods:
The authors collated 12 different race power profiles from elite male triathletes (N = 5, age 25 ± 5 y, body mass 65.5 ± 5.6 kg; mean ± SD) during 7 international races. Power output was recorded using SRM cranks and analyzed with proprietary software.
Results:
The mean power output was 252 ± 33 W, or 3.9 ± 0.5 W/kg in relative terms, with a coefficient of variation of 71% ± 13%. Normalized power (power output an athlete could sustain if intensity were maintained constant without any variability) for the entire cycle section was 291 ± 29 W, or 40 ± 13 W higher than the actual mean power output. There were 34 ± 14 peaks of power output above 600 W and ~18% time spent at >100% of maximal aerobic power.
Conclusion:
Cycling during Olympic-distance triathlon, characterized by frequent and large power variations including repeat supramaximal efforts, equates to a higher workload than cycling at constant power.
The Effects of a Mental Skills Training Package on Gymnasium Triathlon Performance
Richard C. Thelwell and Iain A. Greenlees
The present study examined the effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. Five participants took part in a single-subject multiple baseline across individuals design, which was used to evaluate an intervention package including goal setting, relaxation, imagery, and selftalk. The results of the study indicated the mental skills package to be effective in enhancing triathlon performance for all five participants. Additionally, all participants increased their usage of mental skills from baseline to intervention phases. Follow-up social validation checks indicated all participants to have perceived the intervention to be successful and enjoyable, and all were satisfied with delivery and content of the package. In conclusion, the findings provide further evidence to suggest mental skills training packages to be effective for endurance performance.
