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include the first-line defense antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase, which act by enzymatically neutralizing oxidants or transforming these to less reactive species and the second-line defense antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, albumin

performed. The analysis revealed the metabolic pathways altered between athletes under basal conditions (Figure  2B ). The data show that individuals with different levels of V ˙ O 2 max can present altered metabolic state related to linoleic acids, glutathione, and retinol among other key metabolic

is divided into nonenzymatic defenses (e.g., ascorbic acid) and enzymatic defenses, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), that are present within cells but also in extracellular fluids, such as plasma ( Gutteridge & Halliwell, 2000 ; Halliwell, 1996 ). SOD has an

; GLC, plasma glucose; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; [La], plasma lactate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; UA, uric acid. Statistical Analyses The statistical tests were processed in GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). All values in the text, figures, and tables

telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 (TRF1), superoxide dismutase 2, and glutathione peroxidase 1 were normalized to the geometric mean of housekeeper gene glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase using a Viia7 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). Each reaction

). Accordingly, McKinley-Barnard et al. ( 2015 ) found that cosupplementation of the thiol glutathione with the endogenous NO production component L -citrulline (CIT) increased NO concentration and activity markers more than CIT alone. However, no previous studies have measured the effects of a supplementation

and performance. 1 – 3 However, any effect of AS on training adaptation or performance has not been universal. 11 Recent studies have shown that interindividual variability in blood antioxidant status, including serum vitamin C and blood glutathione supplementation, can result in bidirectional

, gymnastics, and weightlifting. Each training unit was represented by involving one, two, or three modalities Incremental cycle to exhaustion (40 W + 40 W/3 min) to determine VO 2 max Glutathione (GSH) SOD CAT, GPx, and GR UA Total phenolics Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) Lipid peroxidation products (TBARS

) ↑ Glutathione at 2 weeks ( p  = .05) ↓ Fibrotic size at 6 weeks (5 mg; p  = .013) Vitamin C injection enhances antioxidant action, leading to reduced tendon adhesion and restoration of glutathione levels. There is a greater response for gliding resistance and fibrotic size with a lower dose (5 mg). R1: high R2