Tour de France (24.8 [1.7] MJ·d −1 , 5927 [411] kcal·d −1 ). 2 Doubly labeled water has also been used for shorter measurements (12–24 h) including the Kona Ironman Triathlon (9.8 [1.3] MJ, 9040 [1390] kcal) and the Western States 100 ultramarathon (68.2 [12.4] MJ, 16,310 [2960] kcal). 3 , 4 The
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Total Energy Expenditure and ad Libitum Fluid/Nutrient Intake During a 24-Hour Mountain-Bike Event: A Case Study
Patrick Dodds, Dale Schoeller, Tim Shriver, and Brent Ruby
How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need?
Charli Sargent, Michele Lastella, Shona L. Halson, and Gregory D. Roach
total of 175 elite athletes from 12 sports (Australian Rules football, basketball, cricket, kayaking, mountain biking, race walking, road cycling, rugby union, soccer, swimming, track cycling, and triathlon) gave informed consent to participate in the study (Table 1 ). Athletes were volunteers from
The Effect of Upper-Body Positioning on the Aerodynamic–Physiological Economy of Time-Trial Cycling
Steve H. Faulkner and Philippa Jobling
positioning, could inhibit heat loss via reduced sweat evaporation. If heat loss is inhibited, then an increase in heat storage is inevitable, which may result in a reduced performance capacity, especially in longer duration TTs 15 or triathlon events. Currently, the exact balance between aerodynamic
Moving on in Sport Science
Iñigo Mujika and David B. Pyne
back, as I had already embarked on new exciting projects. Over the past 25 years, I moved on professionally multiple times and for various reasons: as a triathlon coach because some athletes retired, and others decided to look elsewhere; as a sports physiologist because I was offered the opportunity to
The Influence of High-Intensity Work on the Record Power Profile of Under-23, Pro Team, and World Tour Cyclists
Peter Leo, Manuel Mateo-March, Andrea Giorgi, Xabier Muriel, Alejandro Javaloyes, David Barranco-Gil, Jesús G. Pallarés, Alejandro Lucia, Iñigo Mujika, and Pedro L. Valenzuela
aforementioned findings might be of relevance, particularly given the essentially stochastic nature of competitive cycling, 9 with most races typically including numerous intermittent, high-intensity efforts—which is also the case in other events such as mountain biking or triathlon races. 10 , 11 It has been
Tramadol and Cycling: Is It the End of a “Painful” Relationship? An Insight From 60,802 Doping-Control Samples From 2012 to 2020
Thomas Zandonai, Ana M. Peiró, Caterina Covelli, Xavier de la Torre, and Francesco Botré
) Rugby 0.5% (184) 0.9% (109) 4.0% (101) 1.2% (160) 1.2% (174) 1.0% (2001) Shooting Swimming 2.0% (149) 0.7% (143) 2.4% (211) 4.0% (128) Short track 5.0% (40) Triathlon 1.%7 (60) 1.2% (83) 3.6% (84) 0.6% (163) Volleyball 0.9% (217) 0.4% (241) 1.2% (240) 3.1% (197) Water polo 0.5% (191) Note: Data
Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Recovery From High-Intensity and Endurance Exercise: A Brief Review
Laura Hottenrott, Sascha Ketelhut, Christoph Schneider, Thimo Wiewelhove, and Alexander Ferrauti
(M) 10 seniors (M) 28.4 (6.1) 52.4 (10.0) Triathlon 15.4 (2.3) h/wk VO 2 max 67.1 (3.7) Triathlon 13.6 (1.7) h/wk VO 2 max 57.8. (8.7) Triathlon competition (OD): Adults: 02:28 (00:10) h Master: 03:00 (00:29) h Strength and running tests 24 h pre and 24 h post MVIC (pre and post): A = S Δ% decline
Hormonal Contraceptive Use, Menstrual Dysfunctions, and Self-Reported Side Effects in Elite Athletes in Denmark
Mikkel Oxfeldt, Line B. Dalgaard, Astrid A. Jørgensen, and Mette Hansen
skating, sports dance, swimming, and triathlon. Technical: archery, bowling, equestrian, golf, shooting, table tennis. Power: badminton, soccer, handball, and karate. Six athletes from athletics and para sport were excluded from this analysis, as we were unable to classify the athletes into subgroups. a
Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It?
David Barranco-Gil, Lidia B. Alejo, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Jaime Gil-Cabrera, Almudena Montalvo-Pérez, Eduardo Talavera, Susana Moral-González, Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez, and Alejandro Lucia
indeed been reported for different endurance events such as a sprint-distance triathlon 22 or a 30-minute running race. 7 Bunn et al 6 compared the effects of not warming up with those of a 3- or 10-minute warm-up at 60% of VO 2 max during a subsequent 5-km cycling trial and found no differences in
A Novel Method to Characterize the Pacing Profile of Elite Male 1500-m Freestyle Swimmers
Katie E. McGibbon, David B. Pyne, Laine E. Heidenreich, and Robin Pla
maximize 1500-m swimming performance. The impact of the start strategy on the physiological responses to exercise, pacing, and performance has been examined in a variety of sports, including kayaking, 20 cycling, 21 – 23 triathlon, 24 rowing, 25 and swimming. 13 , 26 A fast start strategy has been