throwing speed and accuracy is not only important as a performance-related measure but also may serve as a predictor of shoulder-related symptoms in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. 3 The effectiveness of a KCA can be enhanced through mirror cross exercise (MCE). 7 Research suggests that
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Mirror Cross-Exercise on a Kinetic Chain Approach Improves Throwing Performance in Professional Volleyball Athletes With Scapular Dyskinesis
Eleftherios Paraskevopoulos, Theocharis Simeonidis, Charilaos Tsolakis, Panagiotis Koulouvaris, and Maria Papandreou
Benefits of Training the Iron Cross With Herdos Devices and External Load Added to Body Weight for Young Nonachiever Gymnasts
Michel Marina, Priscila Torrado, Blai Ferrer-Uris, and Albert Busquets
The iron cross performed on the rings is a strength and hold element, considered fundamental among athletes who practice male artistic gymnastics 1 according to the rules of the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). The IC is also trained among amateur athletes who are enthusiasts and
Force Measurements during Cross-Country Skiing
Paavo V. Komi
To understand cross-country (X-C) siding it is important to record and identity forces of skis and poles separately and together. They both contribute to the forward progression, but their functional significance may be more complex than that of the ground reaction forces in running and walking. This report presents two methods to record forces on skis and poles during normal X-C skiing. A long force-platform system with four rows of 6-m long plates is placed under the snow track for recording of Fz and Fy forces of each ski and pole separately. This system is suitable especially for the study of diagonal technique under more strict experimental conditions. The second system consists of small lightweight Fz and Fy component force plates which are installed under the boot and binding. These plates can be easily changed from one ski to another, and telemetric recording allows free skiing over long distances and with different skiing techniques, including skating. The presentation emphasizes the integrated use of either system together with simultaneous cinematographic and electromyographic recordings.
Drag Area of a Cross-Country Skier
Erik Spring, Sauli Savolainen, Jari Erkkilä, Tuomo Hämäläinen, and Pekka Pihkala
The drag area CDA of three male cross-country skiers as a function of their velocity was determined from their retardation when they were gliding on roller-skis over a horizontal smooth asphalt surface in a subway. The results show that CDA is a slightly decreasing function of the skier’s velocity in the velocity range 5–11 m/s. The drag area of a skier was found to be 0.27 ± 0.03 m2 in a semi-squatting posture and 0.65 ± 0.05 m2 in an upright posture for an average size skier (weight 80 kg, height 1.75 m). The difference in the drag area between a normal outdoor suit and a tight-fitting ski suit was found to be as much as 30%. A skier keeping pace with a skier ahead will gain a reduction in drag of about 25 %. The leading skier in this study was found to have his drag reduced by approximately 3 % compared to what it would be if there were no skier pacing up with him. The skier behind hinders the skier ahead from generating to a full extent the vortexes behind himself or herself. These reductions are of course strongly dependent on the distance between the skiers.
Athlete Burnout Symptoms Are Increasing: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Average Levels From 1997 to 2019
Daniel J. Madigan, Luke F. Olsson, Andrew P. Hill, and Thomas Curran
examine whether athlete burnout levels have changed over time, we used cross-temporal meta-regression analyses ( Twenge et al., 2004 , 2012 ) with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. To do so, we used JASP, which is based on the metafor package in R ( Viechtbauer, 2010 ). For these analyses, the
Pole Length’s Influence on Performance During Classic-Style Snow Skiing in Well-Trained Cross-Country Skiers
Erik Trøen, Bjarne Rud, Øyvind Karlsson, Camilla Høivik Carlsen, Matthias Gilgien, Gøran Paulsen, Ola Kristoffer Tosterud, and Thomas Losnegard
Over the past few decades, cross-country skiing has evolved, with the introduction of new competition forms such as sprint and mass start and changes in the preparation of skis, course profiles, skiers’ equipment, and techniques. 1 , 2 Consequently, with higher average speeds in today
A Multistudy Cross-Sectional and Experimental Examination Into the Interactive Effects of Moral Identity and Moral Disengagement on Doping
Nicholas Stanger and Susan H. Backhouse
standpoint, helps develop and strengthen anti-doping intervention models. Currently, an experimentally driven evidence base does not exist, and present-day interventions and psychological deterrence measures are largely modeled on assumptions from cross-sectional research. To this end, this research aims to
Associations Between Planned Exercise, Walking, Incidental Physical Activity, and Habit Strength in Older People: A Cross-Sectional Study
Sophie C. Andrews, Dinaz Parekh, Brooke Brady, Kim Delbaere, Md Hamidul Huque, Simon Killcross, and Kaarin J. Anstey
have reported a relationship between PA habit strength, measured using the SRHI ( van Bree et al., 2013 , 2015 ) or SRBAI ( Arnautovska et al., 2017 ), and subsequent PA levels. Our study, although cross-sectional, provides preliminary evidence to suggest that the strength of the association between
Differences in Older Adults Walking Football Initiation and Maintenance Influences Across Respondent Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Rachel Cholerton, Joanne Butt, Helen Quirk, and Jeff Breckon
further information regarding their awareness of walking football. Sample Size The G*Power 3 (Düsseldorf, Germany) was used to calculate a sample size for the cross-sectional survey ( Faul et al., 2007 ), based on a medium effect size ( f 2 = 0.15), estimated power of 0.90 and alpha level of .05
Performance Effects of Video- and Sensor-Based Feedback for Implementing a Terrain-Specific Micropacing Strategy in Cross-Country Skiing
Trine M. Seeberg, Jan Kocbach, Rune Kjøsen Talsnes, Frederic Meyer, Thomas Losnegard, Johannes Tjønnås, Øyvind Sandbakk, and Guro Strøm Solli
Cross-country (XC) skiing is an endurance sport performed outdoors in varying terrain and cold conditions, with competition formats ranging from 3-minute sprint races to 2-hour distance races. The race courses consist of ascending, flat, and descending terrain, designed so each of these sections is
