We investigated one week of dietary microperiodization in elite female (n = 23) and male (n = 15) runners and race-walkers by examining the frequency of training sessions and recovery periods conducted with recommended carbohydrate (CHO) and protein availability. Food and training diaries were recorded in relation to HARD (intense or >90min sessions; KEY) versus RECOVERY days (other-than KEY sessions; EASY). The targets for amount and timing of CHO and protein around KEY sessions were based on current nutrition recommendations. Relative daily energy and CHO intake was significantly (p < .05) higher in males (224 ± 26 kJ/kg/d, 7.3 ± 1.4 g/kg/d CHO) than females (204 ± 29 kJ/kg/d, 6.2 ± 1.1 g/kg/d CHO) on HARD days. However, when adjusted for training volume (km), there was no sex-based difference in CHO intake daily (HARD: 0.42 ± 0.14 vs 0.39 ± 0.15 g/kg/km). Females appeared to periodize energy and protein intake with greater intakes on HARD training days (204 ± 29 vs 187 ± 35 kJ/kg/d, p = .004; 2.0 ± 0.3 vs 1.9 ± 0.3 g/kg/d protein, p = .013), while males did not periodize intakes. Females showed a pattern of periodization of postexercise CHO for KEY vs EASY (0.9 ± 0.4 vs 0.5 ± 0.3 g/kg; p < .05) while males had higher intakes but only modest periodization (1.3 ± 0.9 vs 1.0 ± 0.4; p = .32). There was only modest evidence from female athletes of systematic microperiodization of eating patterns to meet contemporary sports nutrition guidelines. While this pattern of periodization was absent in males, in general they consumed more energy and CHO daily and around training sessions compared with females. Elite endurance athletes do not seem to systematically follow the most recent sports nutrition guidelines of periodized nutrition.
Search Results
Dietary Microperiodization in Elite Female and Male Runners and Race Walkers During a Block of High Intensity Precompetition Training
Ida A. Heikura, Louise M. Burke, Antti A. Mero, Arja Leena Tuulia Uusitalo, and Trent Stellingwerff
Protein Supplementation in Addition to Strength Training Programs for Improving Body Composition in Older Adults: What Else Is Left to Know? A Brief Update Review of the Current Evidence
Júlio Benvenutti Bueno de Camargo
to an impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) that older adults present compared with their younger peers when an anabolic stimulus (e.g., resistance training [RT] and protein intake) is provided ( Churchward-Venne et al., 2014 ; Francaux et al., 2016 ). In this sense, it is of great
Combined Protein-Rich Diet With Resistance Exercise Intervention to Counteract Sarcopenia: A Qualitative Study on Drivers and Barriers of Compliance
Annemarthe L. Herrema, Marjan J. Westerman, Ellen J.I. van Dongen, Urszula Kudla, and Martijn Veltkamp
first issue, a growing body of literature recognizes the critical role of protein supplements in combination with physical activity in the prevention of sarcopenia ( Mann, Yudilevich, & Sobrevia, 2003 ; Rolland, Dupuy, van Kan, Gillette, & Vellas, 2011 ; Volpi, Kobayashi, Sheffield-Moore, Mittendorfer
Protein Supplementation During a 6-Month Concurrent Training Program: Effect on Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Sedentary Individuals
Michael J. Ormsbee, Brandon D. Willingham, Tasha Marchant, Teresa L. Binkley, Bonny L. Specker, and Matthew D. Vukovich
An acute bout of resistance exercise has been reported to result in increased muscle protein synthesis ( Biolo et al., 1995 , 1997 ; Chesley et al., 1992 ; Phillips & Van Loon, 2011 ). When protein or amino acids are consumed following resistance exercise, protein synthesis is increased to a
Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players
Jordan D. Philpott, Chris Donnelly, Ian H. Walshe, Elizabeth E. MacKinley, James Dick, Stuart D.R. Galloway, Kevin D. Tipton, and Oliver C. Witard
leakage of myofiber proteins ( Clarkson & Hubal, 2002 ). These metabolic events are associated with delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and local muscular inflammation 24–48 hours after exercise ( Armstrong, 1984 ; Fridén & Lieber, 2001 ). With a view to minimizing muscle damage and/or accelerating
Dietitian-Observed Macronutrient Intakes of Young Skill and Team-Sport Athletes: Adequacy of Pre, During, and Postexercise Nutrition
Lindsay B. Baker, Lisa E. Heaton, Ryan P. Nuccio, and Kimberly W. Stein
Context:
Sports nutrition experts recommend that team-sport athletes participating in intermittent high-intensity exercise for ≥1 hr consume 1–4 g carbohydrate/kg 1–4 hr before, 30–60 g carbohydrate/hr during, and 1–1.2 g carbohydrate/kg/hr and 20–25 g protein as soon as possible after exercise. The study objective was to compare observed vs. recommended macronutrient intake of competitive athletes under free-living conditions.
Methods:
The dietary intake of 29 skill/team-sport athletes (14–19 y; 22 male, 7 female) was observed at a sports training facility by trained registered dietitians for one 24-hr period. Dietitians accompanied subjects to the cafeteria and field/court to record their food and fluid intake during meals and practices/competitions. Other dietary intake within the 24-hr period (e.g., snacks during class) was accounted for by having the subject take a picture of the food/fluid and completing a log.
Results:
For male and female athletes, respectively, the mean ± SD (and percent of athletes meeting recommended) macronutrient intake around exercise was 1.4 ± 0.6 (73%) and 1.4 ± 1.0 (57%) g carbohydrate/kg in the 4 hr before exercise, 21.1 ± 17.2 (18%) and 18.6 ± 13.2 (29%) g carbohydrate/hrr during exercise, 1.4 ± 1.1 (68%) and 0.9 ± 1.0 (43%) g carbohydrate/kg and 45.2 ± 36.9 (73%) and 18.0 ± 21.2 (43%) g protein in the 1 hr after exercise.
Conclusion:
The male athletes’ carbohydrate and protein intake more closely approximated recommendations overall than that of the female athletes. The most common shortfall was carbohydrate intake during exercise, as only 18% of male and 29% of female athletes consumed 30–60 g carbohydrate/hr during practice/competition.
Effects of Protein Intake Beyond Habitual Intakes Associated With Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Parameters, Isokinetic Strength, and Body Composition in Older Women
Hellen C.G. Nabuco, Crisieli M. Tomeleri, Rodrigo R. Fernandes, Paulo Sugihara Junior, Edilaine F. Cavalcante, Danielle Venturini, Décio S. Barbosa, Analiza M. Silva, Luís B. Sardinha, and Edilson S. Cyrino
al., 2016 ; Tomeleri et al., 2016 , 2018 ). A growing body of evidence indicates that higher protein intake may improve MetS risk factors ( Mirmiran, Hajifaraji, Bahadoran, Sarvghadi, & Aziz, 2012 ; Nabuco et al., 2018a ; Pal & Radavelli-Bagatini, 2013 ), and when combined with RT could promote an
Mixed Flavonoid Supplementation Attenuates Postexercise Plasma Levels of 4-Hydroxynonenal and Protein Carbonyls in Endurance Athletes
David C. Nieman, Giuseppe Valacchi, Laurel M. Wentz, Francesca Ferrara, Alessandra Pecorelli, Brittany Woodby, Camila A. Sakaguchi, and Andrew Simonson
Athletes experience regular cycles of transient physiological stress, inflammation, altered redox homeostasis, and immune dysfunction ( Nieman & Wentz, 2019 ). Postexercise inflammation biomarkers include acute phase proteins, oxylipins, and cytokines ( Nieman et al., 2019 ; Nieman & Wentz, 2019
Urinary Hydroxyproline Is Only Suitable As a Biomarker for Acute Intake, Up to 6 hr Postingestion of Collagen Proteins in “Free-Living,” Healthy, Active Males
Rebekah D. Alcock, Gregory C. Shaw, Nicolin Tee, Marijke Welvaert, and Louise M. Burke
Musculoskeletal injuries are a common occurrence within athletic populations and may place a significant burden on the professional athlete and/or his or her respective team ( Kreisfeld et al., 2014 ). Collagen, which makes up approximately one third of total body protein ( Shoulders et al., 2009
Dietary Supplement Use by Varsity Athletes at a Canadian University
Martin Kristiansen, Ryna Levy-Milne, Susan Barr, and Anne Flint
The purpose of this study was to assess reasons for and prevalence of supplement use among varsity athletes and nonvarsity athlete students (controls) at a Canadian university. A questionnaire, distributed to 247 varsity athletes and 204 controls, included variables regarding sports participation, supplements used, reasons for usage, perceived effects, and areas of interest about supplements. Response rates were 85.5% among varsity athletes and 44.6% among controls. Supplements were used by 98.6% of varsity athletes and 94.3% of controls. Varsity men most often reported using sports drinks, and used these (and carbohydrate gels, protein powder, and creatine) more than varsity women. Caffeine products were most often reported by other groups. Health professionals and the Internet were the most reported information sources, while friends most often recommended supplements. Many subjects indicated knowing little about supplements and wanting to learn more. Results indicate a need for nutrition education among both varsity athletes and university students.
