This study examined preservice physical education teachers’ (PPETs’) technopedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) competencies. The participants were 1028 PPETs from 26 major universities representing all seven geographical regions of Turkey. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Deep- Scale developed by Kabakci Yurdakul et al. (2012) was used to measure TPCK competencies of PPETs. Descriptive statistics, an independent samples t test, and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. The results showed that PPETs rated themselves at a high level in self-reported TPCK competencies in terms of the entire scale and its factors (design, exertion, ethics and proficiency). There was no significant main effect for gender (p < .05). Computer/internet-based background (p > .05) and PPETs’ interest in keeping up with the latest PE-related technological developments (p > .05) were significant variables in PPETs’ TPCK competencies. Overall, this study offers some evidence that the use of information and communication technology (ICT) is an important factor affecting PPETs’ TPCK competencies.
Search Results
Determination of Technopedagogical Content Knowledge Competencies of Preservice Physical Education Teachers: A Turkish Sample
Yunus Arslan
Determination of Step Rate Thresholds Corresponding to Physical Activity Intensity Classifications in Adults
Mark Abel, James Hannon, David Mullineaux, and Aaron Beighle
Background:
Current recommendations call for adults to be physically active at moderate and/or vigorous intensities. Given the popularity of walking and running, the use of step rates may provide a practical and inexpensive means to evaluate ambulatory intensity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify step rate thresholds that correspond to various intensity classifications.
Methods:
Oxygen consumption was measured at rest and during 10 minute treadmill walking and running trials at 6 standardized speeds (54, 80, 107, 134, 161, and 188 m·min-1) in 9 men and 10 women (28.8 ± 6.8 yrs). Two observers counted the participants’ steps at each treadmill speed. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were used to develop prediction equations to ascertain step rate thresholds at various intensities.
Results:
Nonlinear regression analysis of the metabolic cost versus step rates across all treadmill speeds yielded the highest R 2 values for men (R 2 = .91) and women (R 2 = .79). For men, the nonlinear analysis yielded 94 and 125 step·min-1 for moderate and vigorous intensities, respectively. For women, 99 and 135 step·min-1 corresponded with moderate and vigorous intensities, respectively.
Conclusions:
Promoting a step rate of 100 step·min-1 may serve as a practical public health recommendation to exercise at moderate intensity.
A Self-Determined Exploration of Adolescents’ and Parents’ Experiences Derived From a Multidimensional School-Based Physical Activity Intervention
Roberto Ferriz, Alejandro Jiménez-Loaisa, David González-Cutre, María Romero-Elías, and Vicente J. Beltrán-Carrillo
participation explained 26% of the variance of this behavior. In this regard, the effectiveness of incorporating family involvement in interventions with children to promote physical activity seems clear ( Ha, Ng, Zhang, & Chan, 2020 ; Rhodes et al., 2020 ). Theoretical Framework: Self-Determination Theory
Computational Determination of the Critical Microcrack Size That Causes a Remodeling Response in a Trabecula: A Feasibility Study
Amit Gefen and Ron Neulander
Bone is a living tissue, which undergoes continuous renewal to repair local defects. Two separate processes, adaptation and remodeling, are involved when a defect appears. The defect produces stress concentrations that provoke regional adaptation, and is gradually repaired, first by resorption and then by deposition of new bone. Using a mathematical formulation of the adaptation mechanism in trabeculae of cancellous bone, we hypothesize that in some cases, where a microcrack is small enough relative to the dimensions of the trabecula, the adaptation response of the whole trabecula may be sufficient to regain homeostatic mechanical conditions (with no need for a remodeling process). The simulation results showed that for trabeculae with nominal length of 900 µm and nominal thickness of 80–800 µm, a microcrack with minimal length of 48 µm and minimal depth of 13% of the trabecula’s thickness was required to initiate a remodeling process. A longer (100 µm) but shallower (depth of 7% of the trabecula’s thickness) crack also triggered remodeling. These computational results support our hypothesis that when a microcrack small enough relative to the dimensions of the trabecula occurs, adaptation of the whole trabecula may be sufficient to regain homeostatic mechanical conditions with no need for a local remodeling process.
Chapter 2: Theoretical Models for Understanding Physical Activity Behavior among Children and Adolescents—Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Determination Theory
Robert W. Motl
Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Attachment, Need Satisfaction, and Well-Being in a Sample of Athletes: A Longitudinal Study
Luke Felton and Sophia Jowett
The current study aimed to examine whether (a) mean differences and changes in athletes’ attachment style predicted psychological need satisfaction within two diverse relational contexts (coach and parent) and well-being, and (b) mean differences and changes in need satisfaction within the two relational contexts predicted well-being. One hundred and ten athletes aged between 15 and 32 years old completed a multisection questionnaire at three time points over a span of 6 months to assess the main study variables. Multilevel modeling revealed that insecure attachment styles (anxious and avoidant) predicted well-being outcomes at the within- and between-person levels. Avoidant attachment predicted need satisfaction within the parent relational context at both levels, and need satisfaction within the coach relational context at the between-person level. Need satisfaction within both relational contexts predicted various well-being outcomes at the between-person level, while need satisfaction within the parent relational context predicted vitality at the within-person level.
The Effect of Balance on the Determination of Peak Oxygen Consumption for Hearing and Nonhearing Female Athletes
M. Kathleen Ellis and Lynn A. Darby
This study compared balance and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) among hearing, congenital nonhearing, and acquired nonhearing female intercollegiate athletes. Twenty-seven subjects completed two measures of peak VO2 and two measures of balance (static and dynamic). Two pieces of exercise equipment requiring different levels of balance were used: the bicycle ergometer (minimal balance) and the bench-step (maximal balance). Significant differences were found for dynamic balance and for peak VO2 for all subject groups. The significant difference remained among the groups for peak VO2 using the bicycle ergometer when dynamic balance was used as a covariate. There was no significant difference for peak VO2 dependent on type of test when dynamic balance was controlled. The results indicated that dynamic balance affected peak VO2 performance on the bench-step, but not on the bicycle ergometer. These findings suggest that if dynamic balance is required for an assessment of peak VO2, balance should be tested in nonhearing populations.
Relationships Between Health-Related Fitness Knowledge, Perceived Competence, Self-Determination, and Physical Activity Behaviors of High School Students
Liz Haslem, Carol Wilkinson, Kevin A. Prusak, William F. Christensen, and Todd Pennington
The purpose of this study was (a) to test a hypothesized model of motivation within the context of conceptual physical education (CPE), and (b) to explore the strength and directionality of perceived competence for physical activity as a possible mediator for health-related fitness knowledge (HRFK) and physical activity behaviors. High school students (N = 280) at the end of a CPE course completed the following: Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire–2, Godin Leisure–Time Exercise Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Scale, and a HRFK Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to explore the relationships between the variables of HRFK, perceived competence, motivation, and physical activity. The analysis resulted in a modified model that showed a relationship between perceived competence and physical activity, mediated by introjected and identified regulation. A relationship also existed between HRFK and external regulation indicating students felt controlled. Suggested value-promoting activities could help students value concepts being taught.
Determination of the Drag Coefficient during the First and Second Gliding Positions of the Breaststroke Underwater Stroke
J. Paulo Vilas-Boas, Lígia Costa, Ricardo J. Fernandes, João Ribeiro, Pedro Figueiredo, Daniel Marinho, António J. Silva, Abel Rouboa, and Leandro Machado
The purpose of the current study was to assess and to compare the hydrodynamics of the first and second gliding positions of the breaststroke underwater stroke used after starts and turns, considering drag force (D), drag coefficient (CD ) and cross-sectional area (S). Twelve national-level swimmers were tested (6 males and 6 females, respectively 18.2 ± 4.0 and 17.3 ± 3.0 years old). Hydrodynamic parameters were assessed through inverse dynamics from the velocity to time curve characteristic of the underwater armstroke of the breaststroke technique. The results allow us to conclude that, for the same gliding velocities (1.37 ± 0.124 m/s), D and the swimmers’ S and CD values obtained for the first gliding position are significantly lower than the corresponding values obtained for the second gliding position of the breaststroke underwater stroke (31.67 ± 6.44 N vs. 46.25 ± 7.22 N; 740.42 ± 101.89 cm2 vs. 784.25 ± 99.62 cm2 and 0.458 ± 0.076 vs. 0.664 ± 0.234, respectively). These differences observed for the total sample were not evident for each one of the gender’s subgroups.
Influence of Internal and External Controlling Teaching Behaviors on Students’ Motivational Outcomes in Physical Education: Is There a Gender Difference?
Ángel Abós, Rafael Burgueño, Luis García-González, and Javier Sevil-Serrano
PE have been identified as a key factor of physical activity performed in and out of school ( White et al., 2021 ). In contrast, negative experiences in PE are one of the main reasons for disengagement in PE lessons ( Beltrán-Carrillo et al., 2012 ). Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan
